目录 序 前言 导论 1 一、群体遗传学的内涵1 （一）基本概念1 （二）基本特性1 二、群体遗传学的发展1 （一）产生群体遗传学的理论前提1 （二）群体遗传学奠基与形成1 （三）当代群体遗传学的发展2 三、群体遗传学在遗传学中的地位与意义3 第一章自然突变率4 一、自然突变率的直接测定4 （一）常染色体座位4 （二）性染色体座位6 二、自然突变率的间接估计7 （一）显性基因8 （二）隐性伴性基因8 （三）常染色体隐性基因9 三、蛋白质基因的自然演变率10 （一）直接测定法11 （二）蛋白质座位突变率的间接估计13 第二章 Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律应用18 一、Hardy-Weinberg定律的内涵18 二、Hardy-Weinberg平衡的若干性质19 三、斯奈德比值21 四、母子组合频率25 五、伴性基因的 Hardy-Weinberg平衡28 （一）伴性基因频率分布的理论分析28 （二）对理论的检验32 第三章基因频率的定向变化36 一、频发突变36 （一）不存在回原（反突变）的频发突变36 （二）存在回原的频发突变37 二、迁移40 三、淘汰42 （一）淘汰部分隐性类型42 （二）淘汰全部隐性类型48 （三）淘汰部分隐性类型和部分杂合子50 （四）涉及超显性的淘汰53 （五）关于淘汰的小结58 四、多因素的合并效应60 第四章基因频率的随机变化66 一、遗传漂变的度量和性质66 （一）遗传漂变66 （二）群体有效规模70 （三）近交增量（近交率）71 （四）有限群体遗传变异消失的速度71 二、始祖效应和瓶颈效应72 （一）含义72 （二）始祖效应和瓶颈效应对家畜种群的影响72 第五章基因频率分布与进化过程74 一、基因频率的分布函数74 二、适应进化75 （一）Wright的“适应峰”学说75 （二）适应进化论的基本主张77 （三）适应进化的可能方式77 （四）适应进化的具体演变情况78 三、分子进化79 （一）关于蛋白质分子进化速度的研究成果79 （二）各种生物蛋白质电泳分析揭示的大量多型现象81 四、关于中立说-淘汰说争论的新进展82 第六章群体中的遗传变异85 一、遗传多型的一般概念与保持机制85 （一）一般概念85 （二）有关例证统计85 （三）遗传多型形成的概率分析86 （四）保持群体遗传多型状态的遗传学机制87 二、群体遗传变异的分析87 （一）若干基本概念87 （二）群体遗传多样性的度量方法88 （三）群体内孟德尔性状表型变异的鉴别92 三、遗传负荷97 （一）概念97 （二）遗传负荷的一般度量方法97 （三）遗传负荷的性质97 （四）遗传负荷的起因97 （五）分离负荷度量98 四、DNA多型的含义及度量 98 （一）DNA多型的含义98 （二）度量方法99 五、遗传多型的进化意义100 （一）遗传多型研究对进化理论发展的贡献100 （二）DNA多型水平相对更高的遗传学基础和有关应用问题101 第七章群体结构与系统分化103 一、群体结构模型103 （一）平面上连续分布模型103 （二）岛屿模型104 （三）2级踏脚石模型105 二、遗传分化的度量105 （一）近交度的分解105 （二）分化指数106 第八章系统分类107 一、遗传检测的抽样方法107 （一）几种抽样方法107 （二）样本规模的影响109 （三）不同抽样方法的比较114 （四）关于抽样的实施117 二、分类依据118 （一）各种遗传标记的作用118 （二）群体间相似性度量的基本数学根据118 三、分类方法120 （一）经典聚类分析121 （二）模糊聚类分析126 （三）主成分分析——多种标记的减元并用132 （四）判别分析138 第九章 DNA与氨基酸序列的遗传演变144 一、DNA序列的遗传演变144 （一）突变144 （二）基因表达过程中密码子的使用频率145 （三）两个 DNA序列间的核苷酸差异147 （四）核苷酸取代数的数学模型149 二、氨基酸序列的遗传演变155 （一）两个氨基酸序列间差异的度量155 （二）序列间差异度量值的卜瓦松校正156 （三）对 PC距离的讨论——Г距离158 第十章分子进化与“分子进化钟”160 一、生物大分子进化的基本特点与有关学术争论160 （一）DNA高分子进化机制的研究成果160 （二）分子进化“中立论”与“新达尔文主义”争论160 二、“分子钟”假说的意义和当前有关实验证据一览161 （一）“分子钟”假说161 （二）实验证据一览161 三、分子进化相对速率检验方法162 （一）以统计学模型为基础的检验 162 （二）非参数检验（不依据统计模型的检验）164 （三）以系统发育检验“分子钟”假设的方法简介166 第十一章动物遗传资源保种方案的制订169 一、动物遗传资源保护的内涵169 二、群体遗传多样性保持的原理及保种方案的制订170 参考文献181 Contents Preface Foreword Introduction 1 ⅠThe connotation of population genetics1 ABasic concept 1 BBasic characteristics1 ⅡDevelopment of population genetics 1 AThe theoretical premise of population genetics1 BFoundation and formation of population genetics1 CThe development of modern population genetics2 ⅢThe position and significance of population genetics in genetics 3 Chapter 1 Spontaneous Mutation Rate4 ⅠThe Direct Measurement of Spontaneous Mutation Rate 4 A Autosomal Loci4 B Sex Chromosome Loci 6 Ⅱ Indirect Estimation of Spontaneous Mutation Rate7 A Dominant Gene 8 B Recessive Sexlinked Gene8 C Autosomal Recessive Gene 9 Ⅲ The Spontaneous Mutation Rate of Protein Gene 10 A Direct Measurement 11 B Indirect Mutation Rate Estimation of Protein Gene Loci 13 Chapter 2 The Application of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle18 Ⅰ The Connotation of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle18 Ⅱ Several Properties of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium19 Ⅲ Snyder Ratio 21 Ⅳ Rife-Buranamanas Combination Frequencies of Mother and Offspring 25 Ⅴ The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium of Sexlinked Gene28 A The Theoretical Analysis of Sexlinked Gene Frequency Distribution 28 B The Theory Testing 32 Chapter 3 Directed Change of the Gene Frequency36 Ⅰ Recurrent Mutation 36 A Not the Reverse Mutation36 B Reverse Mutation 37 Ⅱ Migration 40 Ⅲ Selection 42 A Selecting Some Recessive Types42 B Selecting All Recessive Types 48 C Selecting Some Recessive Types and Some Heterozygotes 50 D The Selection Involved in Overdominance 53 E Summary 58 Ⅳ Combinative effects60 Chapter 4 Random Fluctuation of the Gene Frequency 66 Ⅰ The Measurement and Property of Genetic Drift66 A Genetic Drift66 B Population Effective Size 70 C Rate ofInbreeding 71 D The Disappearing Speed of Limited Population Genetic Variation 71 Ⅱ Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect 72 A Concepts72 B Influences of Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect on Livestock Population 72 Chapter 5 Distribution of Gene Frequency and Evolution Process74 Ⅰ The Distribution Function of Gene Frequency 74 Ⅱ Adaptive Evolution75 A Adaptive Peaks 75 B Basic Opinions of Adaptive Evolution 77 C Possible Ways of Adaptive Evolution77 D Several Specific Process Related with the Adaptive Evolution78 Ⅲ Molecular Evolution79 A Research Findings about the Speed of Protein Molecular Evolution 79 B A Large Number of Polymorphism Revealed by Various Biological Protein Electrophoresis Analysis 81 Ⅳ New Progresses about The Neutralist-Selectionist Controversy82 Chapter 6 Genetic Variability in Population85 Ⅰ Concept and Maintain Mechanism of Genetic Polymorphism85 A General Concept 85 B Statistics of Relevant Examples85 C Probability Analysisof Genetic Polymorphism Formation 86 D Genetic Mechanism of Population Genetic Polymorphism 87 Ⅱ Analysis of Population Genetic Variation 87 A Several Basic Concepts87 B Measures of Population Genetic Diversity88 C Identification of Mendelian Traits Phenotypic Variation in Populations92 Ⅲ Genetic Load97 A Concepts 97 B General Measures of Genetic Load97 C Property of Genetic Load97 D Cause of Genetic Load97 E Measurement of Separation of Load98 Ⅳ Concept of DNA Polymorphism and Measure 98 A Concept of DNA Polymorphism98 B Measure of DNA Polymorphism99 Ⅴ Significance of Genetic Polymorphism 100 A Contributions of the Study of Genetic Polymorphism to Evolutionary Theory100 B Genetic Basis of DNA High Polymorphism and Relevant Applications101 Chapter 7 Population Structure and Phylogenetic Differentiation 103 Ⅰ Population Structure Model 103 A Continuous Distribution Model 103 B Island Model 104 C 2-Dimensional Stepping-Stone Model105 Ⅱ Measurement of the Genetic Differentiation105 A Decomposition of Inbreeding Level 105 D Differentiation Index 106 Chapter 8 Phylogenetic Classification107 Ⅰ Sampling Methods of Genetic Testing107 A Several Sampling Methods107 B Sample Scale Influences 109 C The Comparison of Different Sampling Methods114 D The Implementation of Sampling 117 Ⅱ The Basis of Classification 118 A Roles of Various Genetic Markers 118 B Basic Mathematical Foundations of Similarity Measure in Populations118 Ⅲ Classification Methods 120 A Classical Clustering Analysis121 B Fuzzy ClusteringAnalysis 126 C Principal Component Analysis — With Various Genetic Markers132 D Discriminant Analysis138 Chapter 9 The Genetic Evolution in DNA and Amino Acid Sequences 144 Ⅰ Genetic Evolution of DNA Sequence144 A Mutation144 B The Codon Usage Frequency in the Process of Gene Expression145 C Differences of Nucleotide between Two DNA Sequences 147 D Mathematical Model of Nucleotide Substitution Numbers149 Ⅱ Genetic Evolution in Animo Acid Sequences155 A Measurement of Differences between TwoAminoAcid Sequence 155 B Poisson Correction of Different Metric between Sequences 156 C Discussion on PC Distance, Γ(Gama)Distance158 Chapter 10Molecular Evolution and the “Molecular Clock” 160 Ⅰ Basic Characteristics of Biomacromolecule Evolution and Relevant Academic Debates160 A Research Findings of DNA High Molecular Evolutionary Mechanism160 B Molecular Evolution “Neutral theory” and “NewDarwinism”Arguments160 Ⅱ The Meaning of “Molecular Clock” and Evidences in Current Experiments 161 A “Molecular Clock” Hypothesis161 B Evidences in Current Experiments161 Ⅲ Test Method of Molecular Evolution Relative Velocity162 A Test Based on Statistical Model 162 B Nonparametric Test 164 C Brief Introduction of Methods to Test “Molecular Clock” by Phylogeny166 Chapter 11 Conservation of Animal and Poultry Genetic Resource169 Ⅰ The Connotation of Animal Genetic Resources Protection 169 Ⅱ The Principle of Keeping Population Genetic Diversity and Establishment of Breed Conservation Project 170 References181
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