Introduction 1.Maxwell's Equations,Power,and Energy 1.1 Maxwell's Field Equations 1.2 Poynting's Theorem 1.3 Energy and Power Relations and Symmetry of the Tensor * 1.4 Uniqueness Theorem 1.5 The Complex Maxwell's Equations 1.6 Operations with Complex Vectors 1.7 The Complex Poynting Theorem 1.8 The Reciprocity Theorem 1.9 Summary Problems Solutions 2.Waveguides and Resonators 2.1 The Fundamental Equations of Homogeneous Isotropic Waveguides 2.2 Transverse Electromagnetic Waves 2.3 Transverse Magnetic Waves 2.4 Transverse Electric Waves 2.4.1 Mode Expansions 2.5 Energy,Power,and Energy Velocity 2.5.1 The Energy Theorem 2.5.2 Energy Velocity and Group Velocity 2.5.3 Energy Relations for Waveguide Modes 2.5.4 A Perturbation Example 2.6 The Modes of a Closed Cavity 2.7 Real Character of Eigenvalues and Orthogonality of Modes 2.8 Electromagnetic Field Inside a Closed Cavity with Sources 2.9 Analysis of Open Cavity 2.10 Open Cavity with Single Input 2.10.1 The Resonator and the Energy Theorem 2.10.2 Perturbation Theory and the Generic Form of the Impedance Expression 2.11 Reciprocal Multiports 2.12 Simple Model of Resonator 2.13 Coupling Between Two Resonators 2.14 Summary Problems Solutions 3.Diffraction,Dielectric Waveguides,Optical Fibers,and the Kerr Effect 3.1 Free-Space Propagation and Diffraction 3.2 Modes in a Cylindrical Piecewise Uniform Dielectric 3.3 Approximate Approach 3.4 Perturbation Theory 3.5 Propagation Along a Dispersive Fiber 3.6 Solution of the Dispersion Equation for a Gaussian Pulse 3.7 Propagation of a Polarized Wave in an Isotropic Kerr Medium 3.7.1 Circular Polarization 3.8 Summary Problems Solutions 4.Shot Noise and Thermal Noise 4.1 The Spectrum of Shot Noise 4.2 The Probability Distribution of Shot Noise Events 4.3 Thermal Noise in Waveguides and Transmission Lines 4.4 The Noise of a Lossless Resonator 4.5 The Noise of a Lossy Resonator 4.6 Langevin Sources in a Waveguide with Loss 4.7 Lossy Linear Multiports at Thermal Equilibrium 4.8 The Probability Distribution of Photons at Thermal Equilibrium 4.9 Gaussian Amplitude Distribution of Thermal Excitations 4.10 Summary Problems Solutions 5.Linear Noisy Multiports 5.1 Available and Exchangeable Power from a Source 5.2 The Stationary Values of the Power Delivered by a Noisy Multiport and the Characteristic Noise Matrix 5.3 The Characteristic Noise Matrix in the Admittance Representation Applied to a Field Effect Transistor 5.4 Transformations of the Characteristic Noise Matrix 5.5 Simplified Generic Forms of the Characteristic Noise Matrix 5.6 Noise Measure of an Amplifier 5.6.1 Exchangeable Power 5.6.2 Noise Figure 5.6.3 Exchangeable Power Gain 5.6.4 The Noise Measure and Its Optimum Value 5.7 The Noise Measure in Terms of Incident and Reflected Waves 5.7.1 The Exchangeable Power Gain 5.7.2 Excess Noise Figure 5.8 Realization of Optimum Noise Performance 5.9 Cascading of Amplifiers 5.10 Summary Problems Solutions 6.Quantum Theory of Waveguides and Resonators 6.1 Quantum Theory of the Harmonic Oscillator 6.2 Annihilation and Creation Operators 6.3 Coherent States of the Electric Field 6.4 Commutator Brackets,Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Noise 6.5 Quantum Theory of an Open Resonator 6.6 Quantization of Excitations on a Single-Mode Waveguide 6.7 Quantum Theory of Waveguides with Loss 6.8 The Quantum Noise of an Amplifier with a Perfectly Inverted Medium 6.9 The Quantum Noise of an Imperfectly Inverted Amplifier Medium 6.10 Noise in a Fiber with Loss Compensated by Gain 6.11 The Lossy Resonator and the Laser Below Threshold 6.12 Summary Problems Solutions 7.Classical and Quantum Analysis of Phase-Insensitive Systems 7.1 Renormalization of the Creation and Annihilation Operators 7.2 Linear Lossless Multiports in the Classical and Quantum Domains 7.3 Comparison of the Schrödinger and Heisenberg Formulations of Lossless Linear Multiports 7.4 The Schrödinger Formulation and Entangled States 7.5 Transformation of Coherent States 7.6 Characteristic Functions and Probability Distributions 7.6.1 Coherent State 7.6.2 Bose-Einstein Distribution 7.7 Two-Dimensional Characteristic Functions and the Wigner Distribution 7.8 The Schrödinger Cat State and Its Wigner Distribution 7.9 Passive and Active Multiports 7.10 Optimum Noise Measure of a Quantum Network 7.11 Summary Problems Solutions 8.Detection 8.1 Classical Description of Shot Noise and Heterodyne Detection 8.2 Balanced Detection 8.3 Quantum Description of Direct Detection 8.4 Quantum Theory of Balanced Heterodyne Detection 8.5 Linearized Analysis of Heterodyne Detection 8.6 Heterodyne Detection of a Multimodal Signal 8.7 Heterodyne Detection with Finite Response Time of Detector 8.8 The Noise Penalty of a Simultaneous Measurement of Two Noncommuting Observables 8.9 Summary Problems Solutions 9.Photon Probability Distributions and Bit-Error Rate of a Channel with Optical Preamplification 9.1 Moment Generating Functions 9.1.1 Poisson Distribution 9.1.2 Bose-Einstein Distribution 9.1.3 Composite Processes 9.2 Statistics of Attenuation 9.3 Statistics of Optical Preamplification with Perfect Inversion 9.4 Statistics of Optical Preamplification with Incomplete Inversion 9.5 Bit-Error Rate with Optical Preamplification 9.5.1 Narrow-Band Filter,Polarized Signal,and Noise 9.5.2 Broadband Filter,Unpolarized Signal 9.6 Negentropy and Information 9.7 The Noise Figure of Optical Amplifiers 9.8 Summary Problems Solutions 10.Solitons and Long-Distance Fiber Communications 10.1 The Nonlinear SchrSdinger Equation 10.2 The First-Order Soliton 10.3 Properties of Solitons 10.4 Perturbation Theory of Solitons 10.5 Amplifier Noise and the Gordon-Haus Effect 10.6 Control Filters 10.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers and the Effect of Lumped Gain 10.8 Polarization 10.9 Continuum Generation by Soliton Perturbation 10.10 Summary Problems Solutions 11.Phase-Sensitive Amplification and Squeezing 11.1 Classical Analysis of Parametric Amplification 11.2 Quantum Analysis of Parametric Amplification 11.3 The Nondegenerate Parametric Amplifier as a Model of a Linear Phase-Insensitive Amplifier 11.4 Classical Analysis of Degenerate Parametric Amplifier 11.5 Quantum Analysis of Degenerate Parametric Amplifier 11.6 Squeezed Vacuum and Its Homodyne Detection 11.7 Phase Measurement with Squeezed Vacuum 11.8 The Laser Resonator Above Threshold 11.9 The Fluctuations of the Photon Number 11.10 The Schawlow-Townes Linewidth 11.11 Squeezed Radiation from an Ideal Laser 11.12 Summary Problems Solutions 12.Squeezing in Fibers 12.1 Quantization of Nonlinear Waveguide 12.2 The x Representation of Operators 12.3 The Quantized Equation of Motion of the Kerr Effect in the x Representation 12.4 Squeezing 12.5 Generation of Squeezed Vacuum with a Nonlinear Interferometer 12.6 Squeezing Experiment 12.7 Guided-Acoustic-Wave Brillouin Scattering 12.8 Phase Measurement Below the Shot Noise Level 12.9 Generation of Schrödinger Cat State via Kerr Effect 12.10 Summary Problems Solutions 13.Quantum Theory of Solitons and Squeezing 13.1 The Hamiltonian and Equations of Motion of a Dispersive Waveguide 13.2 The Quantized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation and Its Linearization 13.3 Soliton Perturbations Projected by the Adjoint 13.4 Renormalization of the Soliton Operators 13.5 Measurement of Operators 13.6 Phase Measurement with Soliton-like Pulses 13.7 Soliton Squeezing in a Fiber 13.8 Summary Problems Solutions 14.Quantum Nondemolition Measurements and the'Collapse'of the Wave Function 14.1 General Properties of a QND Measurement 14.2 A QND Measurement of Photon Number 14.3 'Which Path'Experiment 14.4 The'Collapse'of the Density Matrix 14.5 Two Quantum Nondemolition Measurements in Cascade 14.6 The Schrödinger Cat Thought Experiment 14.7 Summary Problems Solutions Epilogue Appendices A.1 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity of a Gaussian Beam A.2 The Hermite Gaussians and Their Defining Equation A.2.1 The Defining Equation of Hermite Gaussians A.2.2 0rthogonality Property of Hermite Gaussian Modes A.2.3 The Generating Function and Convolutions of Hermite Gaussians A.3 Recursion Relations of Bessel Functions A.4 Brief Review of Statistical Function Theory A.5 The Different Normalizations of Field Amplitudes and of Annihilation Operators A.5.1 Normalization of Classical Field Amplitudes A.5.2 Normalization of Quantum Operators A.6 Two Alternative Expressions for the Nyquist Source A.7 Wave Functions and Operators in the n Representation A.8 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle A.9 The Quantized Open-Resonator Equations A.10 Density Matrix and Characteristic Functions A.10.1 Example 1.Density Matrix of Bose-Einstein State A.10.2 Example 2.Density Matrix of Coherent State A.11 Photon States and Beam Splitters A.12 The Baker-Hausdorff Theorem A.12.1 Theorem 1 A.12.2 Theorem 2 A.12.3 Matrix Form of Theorem 1 A.12.4 Matrix Form of Theorem 2 A.13 The Wigner Function of Position and Momentum A.14 The Spectrum of Non-Return-to-Zero Messages A.15 Various Transforms of Hyperbolic Secants A.16 The Noise Sources Derived from a Lossless Multiport with Suppressed Terminals A.17 The Noise Sources of an Active System Derived from Suppression of Ports A.18 The Translation Operator and the Transformation of Coherent States from the β Representation to the x Representation A.19 The Heisenberg Equation in the Presence of Dispersion A.20 Gaussian Distributions and Their e^-1/2 Loci References Index
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