本书全面系统地介绍了973 计划项目“能源储备地下库群灾变机
理与防护理论研究”的科研团队近五年的最新研究成果，主要内容包
括：层状盐岩体在多相介质作用下的本构关系和变形破坏机理；大型
密集盐穴地下库群灾害激增机制与时空演化；库群的风险评估与灾害
防护理论与技术等。
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目录
- 目录
序前言
第一篇 基本理论、试验和方法
第 1章层状盐岩地层精细探测理论与方法 ······································································ 3
1.1 地震信号的变子波模型·························································································· 3
1.1.1 地震信号的变子波模型 ····················································································· 3
1.1.2 变子波模型中的小波分析·················································································· 4
1.1.3 地震信号的变子波压缩提高分辨率方法 ······························································ 7
1.2 JT-MZ井区地震资料高分辨率处理······································································· 9参考文献························································································································ 12
第 2章多场力作用下层状盐岩体力学行为 ···································································· 14
2.1 层状盐岩变形与破损物理模拟试验 ···································································· 14
2.1.1 试验方法研究 ································································································ 14
2.1.2 试验方案及设备 ····························································································· 17
2.1.3 试验结果及分析 ····························································································· 19
2.1.4 不同倾角下层状盐岩破坏准则 ········································································· 23
2.2 夹层对层状盐岩力学行为影响分析 ···································································· 29
2.2.1 夹层及盐岩的力学特性试验············································································· 29
2.2.2 夹层盐岩界面力学特性试验············································································· 39
2.3 层状盐岩变形与破损本构模型 ············································································ 47
2.3.1 互层盐岩体的 Cosserat复合本构 ······································································ 47
2.3.2 复合盐岩体破损分析······················································································· 49
2.3.3 层状盐岩体细观损伤本构模型 ········································································· 51
2.4 气固耦合作用下层状盐岩界面开裂过程研究 ····················································· 57
2.4.1 试验样品制备 ································································································ 57
2.4.2 试验设备及加载制度······················································································· 58
2.4.3 裂纹扩展规律分析·························································································· 59
2.4.4 裂纹扩展规律分形规律研究············································································· 67
2.4.5 两种不同岩体的对比研究················································································ 73
2.5 层状盐岩蠕变试验及本构模型 ············································································ 75
2.5.1 层状盐岩蠕变试验·························································································· 75
2.5.2 基于分数阶导数的盐岩本构模型 ······································································ 86
2.6 盐岩动力学特性研究···························································································· 90
2.6.1 带围压与温度加载的 SHPB试验装置研制························································· 90
2.6.2 围压与温度共同作用下盐岩 SHPB试验 ···························································· 93
2.6.3 围压作用下盐岩 SHPB数值模拟分析 ······························································· 99
2.6.4 盐岩动力强度研究 ························································································ 100 参考文献 ······················································································································ 102
第 3章大型盐穴储气库结构模型试验 ·········································································· 105
3.1 基于小砌块的库群破坏地质力学模型试验 ······················································· 105
3.1.1 相似理论 ····································································································· 105
3.1.2 模型砌筑技术 ······························································································ 106
3.1.3 模拟范围及相关参数的确定 ··········································································· 107
3.1.4 相似材料的选用 ··························································································· 108
3.1.5 模型的砌筑 ·································································································· 109
3.1.6 量测系统 ······································································································111
3.1.7 加载系统 ····································································································· 112
3.2 基于可视化概念的库群破坏试验 ······································································ 113
3.2.1 模型试验可视化的概念 ················································································· 113
3.2.2 基于可视化模型材料的试验设计 ···································································· 114
3.2.3 基于模型内部结构可视转化概念的试验设计（小比尺模型试验） ······················ 117
3.3 库群失压及破坏模拟的地质力学模型试验 ······················································· 126
3.3.1 试验的范围和边界条件选用 ··········································································· 126
3.3.2 材料配制及材料力学试验 ·············································································· 127
3.3.3 试验布置方案设计 ························································································ 129
3.3.4 试验的主要步骤和加载方式 ··········································································· 130
3.4 储库介质流变相似材料的研究 ·········································································· 132
3.4.1 模型相似材料的配比····················································································· 132
3.4.2 模型相似材料的蠕变特性 ·············································································· 134
3.5 高地应力真三维加载模型试验系统的研制 ······················································· 136
3.6 盐岩储气库群模型的制作方法与测试技术 ······················································· 138
3.6.1 模型制作与测试仪器埋设方法 ······································································· 138
3.6.2 储库套管结构的试验模拟方法 ······································································· 140
3.7 极端风险因素影响的储气库群运营稳定三维流变模型试验 ···························· 142
3.7.1 模型试验概况 ······························································································ 142
3.7.2 采气速率对储库运行安全稳定的影响 ····························································· 144
3.7.3 注气速率对储库运行安全稳定的影响 ····························································· 148
3.7.4 注采气压对储库运行安全稳定的影响 ····························································· 151
3.7.5 储气压差和洞腔间距对储库运行安全稳定的影响 ············································· 152
3.8 模型试验研究结论 ······························································································ 155 参考文献 ······················································································································ 155
第二篇 灾变机理、预测与监控
第 4章储库围岩界面力学行为与渗透灾变 ·································································· 159
4.1 低渗透介质温度 -应力-渗流三轴仪的研制 ························································ 159
4.1.1 低渗仪的测试原理及关键技术 ······································································· 160
4.1.2 低渗透介质温度-应力-渗流耦合三轴仪组成及性能指标 ···································· 162
4.1.3 低渗仪精确度及稳定性测试 ··········································································· 164
4.2 盐岩及界面的渗透特性及细观孔隙特征试验研究 ··········································· 167
4.2.1 不同应力条件下盐岩渗透试验及其规律研究 ··················································· 167
4.2.2 界面的渗透试验及其规律分析 ······································································· 181
4.2.3 盐岩及界面的细观孔隙特征试验 ···································································· 184
4.2.4 盐岩及界面的渗透特性与细观结构相关性分析 ················································ 200
4.3 盖层及夹层的密闭性研究 ·················································································· 217
4.3.1 盖层及夹层介质渗透特性的试验研究 ····························································· 217
4.3.2 盖层及夹层的微细观特征试验研究 ································································· 238
4.3.3 盖层及夹层的宏观地层结构对密闭性的影响 ··················································· 264
4.3.4 盖层及夹层的密闭性评价指标体系初探 ·························································· 266
4.4 盐穴储气库气体渗透模型及界面的渗透模型研究 ··········································· 272
4.4.1 考虑温度-应力-损伤的渗透耦合模型 ······························································ 272
4.4.2 界面的微裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型 ··································································· 276
4.4.3 储库气体渗漏规律模拟研究 ··········································································· 283
4.4.4 储气库运行过程中气体迁移规律研究 ····························································· 288
4.5 盐穴储气库现场密闭性测试试验 ······································································ 300
4.5.1 盐穴储气库密封性能影响因素分析 ································································· 300
4.5.2 现场密封性测试试验方法 ·············································································· 303
4.5.3 气密封试验检测实例····················································································· 310 参考文献 ······················································································································ 320
第 5章层状盐岩水溶造腔过程灾变 ·············································································· 322
5.1 应力作用下盐岩溶解特性试验 ·········································································· 322
5.1.1 试验情况 ····································································································· 322
5.1.2 三轴应力条件下盐岩溶解速率变化规律 ·························································· 323
5.2 夹层软化试验分析及垮塌模型 ·········································································· 325
5.2.1 夹层软化试验方案 ························································································ 325
5.2.2 夹层卤水浸泡软化特性 ················································································· 325
5.2.3 夹层卤水浸泡软化机理 ················································································· 326
5.2.4 夹层软化垮塌模型建立 ················································································· 328
5.3 夹层与流场作用特征分析 ·················································································· 331
5.3.1 相似理论介绍 ······························································································ 331
5.3.2 造腔过程相似模型试验 ················································································· 332 5.3.3 试验方案设计 ······························································································ 333
5.3.4 相似模型试验结果及分析 ·············································································· 334
5.4 层状盐岩溶腔形状控制 ······················································································ 338
5.4.1 Salt Cavern Builder V1.0软件介绍 ··································································· 338
5.4.2 Salt Cavern Builder V1.0软件模拟准确性验证 ·················································· 339
5.5 建腔期灾变评估模型 ·························································································· 341
5.5.1 拟建 M井建腔模拟方案 ················································································ 341
5.5.2 模拟建腔参数 ······························································································ 343
5.5.3 储库建腔期稳定性评价体系研究 ···································································· 344
5.5.4 评价指标权重研究 ························································································ 350
5.5.5 模糊综合评价模型的建立 ·············································································· 352 参考文献 ······················································································································ 357
第 6章储库稳定性及密集储库群连锁破坏 ·································································· 358
6.1 复杂结构的变形稳定理论及损伤演化理论 ······················································· 358
6.1.1 变形稳定理论 ······························································································ 358
6.1.2 盐岩的蠕变和损伤演化理论 ··········································································· 359
6.1.3 考虑应变强化和软化的流变本构模型 ····························································· 362
6.2 洞室大小及形状优化研究 ·················································································· 373
6.2.1 基于变形稳定理论的洞室优化 ······································································· 373
6.2.2 时效变形 ····································································································· 376
6.3 洞室布置方式及表面粗糙度研究 ······································································ 377
6.3.1 洞室布置方式 ······························································································ 377
6.3.2 表面粗糙度 ·································································································· 383
6.4 临界洞间距研究 ································································································· 385
6.5 洞室失压流变损伤过程研究 ·············································································· 389
6.5.1 洞室失压流变分析 ························································································ 389
6.5.2 储气库群破损区演化规律研究 ······································································· 391
6.5.3 基于蠕变损伤模型的储库群稳定分析 ····························································· 396
6.6 模型试验与数值模拟对比研究 ·········································································· 402
6.6.1 基于模型内部结构可视转化概念的小比尺模型试验 ········································· 402
6.6.2 库群失压及破坏模拟的大比尺地质力学模型试验 ············································· 407
6.7 密集储库连锁破坏研究 ······················································································ 416 参考文献 ······················································································································ 417
第 7章密集储库区地层变形与地面沉降 ······································································ 420
7.1 金坛储库区地质结构及泥岩夹层组构 ······························································· 420
7.1.1 金坛盐岩储气库区域地质概况 ······································································· 420
7.1.2 盐岩及夹层分布特征····················································································· 421
7.1.3 泥岩夹层组构及水理性质 ·············································································· 425 7.2 储库区地面沉降机理与影响因素分析 ······························································· 428
7.2.1 油气地下储库区地面沉降实例 ······································································· 428
7.2.2 金坛储库区地面沉降现场监测 ······································································· 432
7.2.3 储库区岩层移动与地表沉降数值分析 ····························································· 438
7.2.4 地面沉降规律及影响因素分析 ······································································· 444
7.3 储库区地面沉降时空动态预测模型及应用 ······················································· 452
7.3.1 预测模型与方法 ··························································································· 452
7.3.2 储库区地面沉降预测实例分析 ······································································· 457
7.3.3 考虑时效变形的动态预测理论 ······································································· 459
7.3.4 不同收敛率沉降时空预计 ·············································································· 460
7.3.5 参数ξ和η的确定 ························································································· 461
7.3.6 储库区地面沉降预计····················································································· 462
7.3.7 预测实例——江苏金坛储气库 10年地表移动 ·················································· 462
7.4 基于地面沉降的腔体变形反演模型及应用 ······················································· 463
7.4.1 金坛储库区 PS-InSAR高精度地面沉降监测 ···················································· 464
7.4.2 单腔变形反演计算方法 ················································································· 465
7.4.3 腔群变形反演计算方法 ················································································· 466 参考文献 ······················································································································ 468
第三篇 灾变风险评估、规避与防护
第 8章层状盐岩储气库工程选址 ·················································································· 471
8.1 储气库选址的地质指标 ······················································································ 471
8.1.1 储气库选址的地质指标探讨 ··········································································· 471
8.1.2 确定储气库选址的地质指标 ··········································································· 472
8.2 储库区构造特征研究 ·························································································· 474
8.3 盐岩及夹层展布特征预测 ·················································································· 477
8.4 储气库工程地质选址综合评价 ·········································································· 480 参考文献 ······················································································································ 483
第 9章油气储库群运营中的灾变风险评估 ·································································· 484
9.1 油气储库全寿命周期的风险因子辨识 ······························································· 484
9.1.1 盐岩油气储库风险事故统计分析 ···································································· 484
9.1.2 盐岩油气储库的风险类型 ·············································································· 485
9.1.3 盐岩油气储库的风险辨识 ·············································································· 486
9.2 油气储库运营期的风险故障树分析 ·································································· 487
9.2.1 故障树分析基本流程····················································································· 487
9.2.2 风险故障树模型 ··························································································· 488
9.2.3 风险故障树分析方法····················································································· 491
9.3 油气储库运营期风险因子影响程度的模糊综合评价 ······································· 494 9.3.1 模糊综合评价的基本流程 ·············································································· 494
9.3.2 风险因子影响程度的专家调查统计 ································································· 495
9.3.3 风险因子的模糊综合评价 ·············································································· 496
9.3.4 风险因子的影响程度等级 ·············································································· 500
9.4 油气储库运营失效风险概率的分析方法 ··························································· 502
9.4.1 储库片帮破坏失效风险概率分析方法 ····························································· 502
9.4.2 储库渗漏失效风险概率的分析方法 ································································· 504
9.4.3 储气库区地表沉降失效风险概率分析方法 ······················································· 507
9.4.4 储库蠕变体积收缩失效风险概率分析方法 ······················································· 511
9.5 储库群系统时变可靠性分析方法 ······································································ 513
9.5.1 盐岩蠕变与储库群失效 ················································································· 514
9.5.2 储库群系统的时变可靠性分析 ······································································· 516
9.5.3 储库群系统时变可靠性计算结果 ···································································· 518
9.6 油气储库风险分级机制与评估指标体系 ··························································· 524
9.6.1 油气储库风险分级机制与评估体系 ································································· 524
9.6.2 不同内压下储库风险等级的变化规律 ····························································· 525
9.7 盐岩油气储库使用寿命的马尔可夫风险预测模型 ··········································· 526
9.7.1 Markov模型的建立 ······················································································ 527
9.7.2 油气储库使用寿命的预测方法 ······································································· 530
9.7.3 油气储库使用寿命的预测结论 ······································································· 530 参考文献 ······················································································································ 531
第 10章油气储库群灾变防护 ······················································································· 533
10.1 盐岩储气库气体泄漏分析 ················································································ 533
10.1.1 气体泄漏率的理论研究 ················································································ 533
10.1.2 盐岩储气库泄漏危险性影响因素分析 ···························································· 539
10.1.3 气体扩散的理论研究与数值模拟 ·································································· 542
10.2 储气库气体泄漏燃爆危险性分析 ···································································· 550
10.2.1 气体扩散的危险性分析 ················································································ 550
10.2.2 蒸气云爆炸事故的危险性分析 ······································································ 554
10.2.3 喷射火与火球事故的危险性分析 ·································································· 566
10.2.4 危险区域的确定 ························································································· 577
10.3 地下油气储库群灾变的工程防护方法 ····························································· 581
10.3.1 建筑物的抗爆设计原理与方法 ······································································ 582
10.3.2 抗爆结构体系与加固 ··················································································· 583
10.3.3 建筑物抗爆防爆措施 ··················································································· 588
10.3.4 建筑物关键附件的抗爆加固 ········································································· 590 参考文献 ······················································································································ 593
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