Contents 丛书序 i Preface to the Revised Edition iii Preface to the First Edition v PART ONE THE VALUE OF LITERATURE 1 PART TWO THE NATURE OF LITERATURE 6 Chapter 1 The Phenomenon of Literature as a Social Phenomenon of Human Beings 7 Chapter 2 The Phenomenon of Literature as a Historical Phenomenon 16 Chapter 3 Literature as the Creation of the Masses and That of Individual Writers 23 Chapter 4 The Phenomenon of Literature as a Phenomenon Associated with the Mind 29 Chapter 5 Literature as a Reflection of Life 36 PART THREE TYPES OF LITERARY THEORIES 47 Chapter 1 The Mimetic Theories 49 Chapter 2 The Pragmatic Theories 56 Chapter 3 The Expressive Theories 66 Chapter 4 The Objective Theories 75 PART FOUR MARXIST LITERARY THEORY 88 PART FIVE LITERARY CRITICAL APPROACHES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 100 Chapter 1 The Psychological (Psychoanalytical) Approach 102 Chapter 2 The Sociological Approach 117 Chapter 3 The Philosophical Approach 133 Chapter 4 The Formalistic Approach 156 Chapter 5 The Historical Approach 196 Chapter 6 The Mythological and Archetypal Approaches 210 Chapter 7 The Feminist Approach 246 References 264