Part I Preliminaries 1.Introduction,History and Outline 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 The Theory of the Fxpanding Universe 1.3 The Big Bang 1.4 Galaxy Formation 1.5 The Very Early Universe 2.The Large Scale Structure of the Universe 2.1 The Spectrum and Isotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 2.1.1 The Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 2.1.2 The Isotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 2.2 The Large?scale Distribution of Galaxies 2.3 Hubble's Law and the Expansion of the Universe 2.4 Conclusion 3.Galaxies 3.1 The Revised Hubble Sequence for Galaxies 3.2 Peculiar and Interaction Galaxies 3.3 The Luminosity Function of Galaxies 3.4 The Masses of Galaxies 3.4.1 The Virial Theorem for Clusters of Stars,Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies 3.4.2 The Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies 3.5 The Properties of Elliptical Galaxies 3.5.1 The Light Distribution of Elliptical Galaxies 3.5.2 The Faber?Jackson Relation and the Fundamental Plane 3.5.3 Ellipticals Galaxies as Triaxial Systems 3.6 The Properties of Spiral and Lenticular Galaxies 3.6.1 The Light Distribution in Spiral and Lenticular Galaxies 3.6.2 The Tully?Fisher Relation 3.7 The Properties of Galaxies:Correlations Along the Hubble Sequence 4.Clusters of Galaxies 4.1 The Large?Scale Distribution of Chusters of Galaxies 4.1.1 Catalogues of Rich Clusters of Galaxies 4.1.2 Abell Clusters and the Large?Scale Distribution of Galaxies 4.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Clusters of Galaxies 4.2.1 The Galaxy Content and Spatial Distribution of Galaxies in Clusters 4.2.2 Clusters of Galaxies and Isothermal Gas Spheres 4.2.3 The Structures of Regular Clusters of Galaxies 4.2.4 The Luminosity Function for Cluster Galaxies 4.2.5 Summary of the Properties of Rich Clusters of Galaxies 4.3 Dark Matter in Clusters of Galaxies 4.3.1 Dynamical Estimates of the Masses of Clusters of Galaxies 4.3.2 X?Ray Observations of Hot Gas in Clusters of Galaxies 4.3.3 The Sunyaev?Zeldovich Effect in Hot Intrachuster Gas 4.3.4 Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies 4.3.5 Summary 4.4 Forms of Dark Matter 4.4.1 Baryonic Dark Matter 4.4.2 Non?baryonic Dark Matter Part II The Basic Framework 5.The Theoretical Framework 5.1 The Cosmological Principle 5.2 Isotropic Curved Spaces 5.3 The Space?Time Metric for Isotropic Curved Spaces 5.4 The Robertson?Walker Metric 5.5 Observations in Cosmology 5.5.1 Redshift 5.5.2 Hubble's Law 5.5.3 Augular Diameters 5.5.4 Apparent Intensities 5.5.5 Number Densities 5.5.6 The Age of the Universe 5.6 Summary 6.An Introduction to Relativistic Gravity 6.1 The Principle o fEquivalence 6.2 The Gravitational Redshift 6.3 The Bending of Light Rays 6.4 Further Complications 6.5 The Route toGeneral Relativity 6.5.1 Four?Tensors in Relativity 6.5.2 What Einstein Did 6.6Experimental and Observational Tests of General Relativity 7.The Friedman World Models 7.1 Einstein's Field Equations 7.2 The Standard Dust Model:The Friedman World Models with Λ＝0 7.2.1 The Newtonian Analogue of the Friedman World Models 7.2.2 The Critical Density and the Density Parameter 7.2.3 The Dynamics of the Friedman Models with Λ＝0 7.2.4 The Deceleration Parameter 7.2.5 The Cosmic Time?Redshift Relation 7.2.6 The Flatness Problem 7.2.7 Distance Measures as a Function of Redshift 7.2.8 The Observed Properties of Standard Objects in the Friedman World Models w
ith Λ＝0 7.2.9 Angular Diameter Distances Between Any Two Redshifts 7.3 Models with Non?zero Cosmological Constant 7.3.1 The Cosmological Constant and the Vacuum ENergy Density 7.3.2 The Dynamics of World Models with Λ≠0 7.3.3 Observations in Lemaitre World Models 7.4 Inhomogeneous World Models 8.The Determination of Cosmological Parameters 8.1 The Cosmological Parameters 8.2 Testing the Friedman Models 8.3 Hubble's Constant H0 8.4 The Deceleration Parameter q0 8.4.1 The Apparent Magnitude?Redshift Relation for Luminous Galaxies 8.4.2 Type 1A Supernovae 8.4.3 The Angular Diameter?Redshift Relation 8.5 The Density Parameter Ω0 8.6 The Cosmological Constant:Λ and ΩΛ 8.7 The Cosmic Time?Scale T0 9.The Thermal History of the Universe 9.1 Radiation?Dominated Universes 9.2 The Matter and Radiation Content of the Universe 9.3 The Epoch of Recombination 9.4 The Radiation?Dominated Era 9.5 The Speed of Sound as a Function of Cosmic Epoch 9.6 Early Epochs 10 Nucleosynthesis in the Early Universe 10.1 Equilibrium Abundances in the Early Universe 10.2 The Decoupling of Neutrinos and the Neutrino Barrier 10.3 The Synthesis of the Light Elements 10.4 The Abundances of the Light Elements 10.5 Electron?Positron Annihilation,the Value of χ and Other Considerations 10.6 Baryon?symmetric Universes Part III The Development of Primordial Fluctuations Under Gravity 11 The Evolution of Fluctuations in the Standard Big Bang 11.1 What Theorists are Trying to Do 11.2 The Non?relativistic Wave Equation for the Growth of Smal Perturbations in
the Expanding Universe 11.3 The Jeans'Instability 11.4 The Jeans'Instability in an Expanding Medium 11.4.1 Small Perturbation Analysis 11.4.2 Perturbing the Friedman Solutions 11.4.3 Falling Poles 11.4.4 The General Solution 11.5 The Evolution of Peculiar Velocities in the Expanding Universe 11.6 The Relativistic Case 11.7 The Basic Problem 12 The Simplest Picture of Galaxy Formation and Why it Fails 12.1 Horizons and the Horizon Problem 12.2 Adiabatic Fluctuations in the Standard Big Bang 12.2.1 The Radiation?Dominated Era 12.2.2 The Matter?Dominated Era 12.3 Dissipation Processes in the Pre?recombination Era 12.4 Isothermal Perturbations 12.5 Baryonic Theories of Galaxy Formation 12.5.1 The Adiabatic Scenario 12.5.2 The Isothermal Scenario 12.6 What Went Wrong? 13 Dark Matter and Galaxy Formation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Forms of Non?baryonic Dark Matter 13.3 Free Streaming and the Damping of Non?Baryonic Perturbations 13.4 Instabilities in the Presence of Dark Matter 13.5 The Evolution of Hot and Cold Dark Matter Perturbations 13.5.1 Hot Dark Matter Scenario 13.5.2 Cold Dark Matter Scenario 13.6 Where We Go from Here 14 Correlation Functions and the Spectrum of the Initial Fluctuations 14.1 The Two?point Correlation Function for Galaxies 14.2 The Perturbation Spectrum 14.2.1 The Relation between ξ(r) and the Power Spectrum of the Fluctuations 14.2.2 The Initial Power Spectrum 14.3 The Evolution of the Initial Perturbation Spectrum 14.4 Biasing 14.5 Reconstructing the Intiial Power Spectrum 14.6 Variations on a Theme of Cold Dark Matter 15 Fluctuations in the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 15.1 The Ionisation of the Intergalactic Gas Through the Epoch of Recombination 15.2 The Physical and Angular Scales of the Fluctuations 15.3 Large Angular Scales 15.3.1 The Sachs?Wolfe Effect:Physical Arguments 15.3.2 The Statistical Description of the Temperature Fluctuations 15.3.3 Primordial Gravitational Waves 15.4 Intermediate Angular Scales:The Acoustic Peaks 15.5 Small Angular Scales 15.6 Other Sources of Primordial Fluctuations 15.7 Other Sources of Fluctuations 15.7.1 The Reheating of the Intergalactic Gas 15.7.2 The Sunyaev?Zeldovich Effect in Clusters of Galaxies 15.7.3 Confusion due to Discrete Sources 15.8 Present and Future Observations Part IV The Post?Recombination Universe 16 The Post?recombination Universe:The Dark Ages 16.1 The Non?linear Collapse of Density Perturbations 16.2 The Role ofDissipation 16.3 The Press?Schechter Mass Function 17 The Evolution of Galaxies and Active Galaxies with Cosmic Epoch 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Counts of Galaxies and Active Galaxies 17.2.1 Euclidean Source Counts 17.2.2 Source Counts for the Standard World Models 17.2.3 Fluctuations in the Background Radiation due to Discrete Sources 17.3 V/Vmax or Luminosity?Volume test 17.4 The Evolution of Active Galaxies with Cosmic Epoch 17.4.1 Number Counts and V/Vmax Tests for Extragalactic Radio Sources 17.4.2 Radio Quiet Quasars 17.4.3 X?ray Source Counts 17.4.4 IRAS Galaxy Counts 17.5 Counts of Galaxies 17.6 The Background Radiation 17.6.1 The Background Radiation and the Source Counts 17.6.2 Evaluating the Background due to Discrete Sources 17.6.3 The Effects of Evolution:The Case of the Radio Background Emission 18 The Evolution of Star and Element Formation Rates with Cosmic Epoch 18.1 Star and Element Formation in Galaxies 18.2 The Background Radiation and Element Formation 18.3 The Lyman?α Absorption Clouds 18.3.1 The Properties of the Lyman?α Absorption Clouds 18.3.2 The Evolution of Lyman?α Absorption Clouds with Cosmic Epoch 18.3.3 The Abundances of Elements in Lyman?α Absorbers 18.3.4 The Proximity Effect and the Diffuse Ultraviolet Background Radiation at
Large Redshifts 18.4 Star Formation Rates from Optical,Ultraviolet and Submillimetre Observation
s 18.4.1 The Cowie and Lilly Argument 18.4.2 The Lyman?Break Galaxies 18.4.3 The Hubble Deep Field 18.4.4 Submillimetre Observations of Star?Forming Galaxies 18.5 Putting It All Together:The Equations of Cosmic Chemical Evolution 19 Diffuse Intergalactic Gas 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Background Emission of and Absorption by the Intergalactic Gas 19.3 The Gunn?Peterson Test 19.4 The X?ray Thermal Bremsstrahlung of Hot Intergalactic Gas 19.5 The Collisional Excitation of the Intergalactic Gas 19.6 The Luke?Warm Intergalactic Gas 19.7 The Lyman Continuum Opacity of the Intergalactic Gas 19.8 Modelling the Evolution of the Intergalactic Medium 20 Final Things 20.1 A Synthesis of Observations Related to the Origin and Evolution of Galaxies 20.1.1 Massive Galaxies 20.1.2 Clusters of Galaxies 20.1.3 The Blue Galaxies 20.2 The Origin of the Rotation of Galaxies and their Magnetic Fields 20.2.1 The Origin of Rotation 20.2.2 The Origin of Magnetic Fields 20.3 The Very Early Universe 20.3.1 The Anthropic Cosmological Principle 20.3.2 The Inflationary Universe and Clues from Particle Physics References Index
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