List of contributors Preface Part Ⅰ Fundamentals and principles 1 Public perception of biotechnology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Public awareness of genetic engineering 1.3 Regulatory requirements-safety of genetically engineered foods 1.4 Labelling-how far should it go? 1.5 Policy making 1.6 Areas of significant public concern 1.7 Conclusions 1.8 Further reading 2 Biochemistry and physiology of growth and metabolism 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Metabolism 2.3 Catabolic pathways 2.4 Gluconeogenesis 2.5 Energy production in aerobic micro-organisms 2.6 Anaerobic metabolism 2.7 Biosynthesis 2.8 Control of metabolic processes 2.9 Efficiency of microbial growth 2.10 Further reading 3 Stoichiometry and Kinetics of microbial growth from a thermodynamic perspective Nomenclature 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Stoichiometry calculations 3.3 Stoichiometry predictions based on Gibbs energy dissipation 3.4 Growth kinetics from a thermodynamic point of view 3.5 Further reading 4 Genome management and analysis：prokaryotes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Bacterial chromosomes and natural gene transfer 4.3 What is genetic engineering and what is it used for? 4.4 The basic tools of genetic engineering 4.5 Cloning vectors and libraries 4.6 Analysis of genomes/proteomes 4.7 Analysis of gene expression 4.8 Engineering genes and optimising products 4.9 Production of heterologous products 4.10 In silico analysis of bacterial genomes 4.11 Further reading 5 Genetic engineering：yeasts and filamentous fungi Glossary 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Introducing DNA into fungi(fungal transformation) 5.3 Gene cloning 5.4 Gene structure,organisation and expression 5.5 Special methodologies 5.6 Biotechnological applications of fungi 5.7 Further reading 6 Microbial process kinetics Nomenclature 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Kinetic modelling of cell growth 6.3 Mass balances for ideal bioreactors 6.4 Further reading 7 Bioreactor design Nomenclature 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Bioreactor configurations 7.3 Bioreactor design features 7.4 Design for sterile operation 7.5 Photobioreactors 7.6 Heat transfer 7.7 Shear effects in culture 7.8 Further reading 8 Mass transfer Nomenclature 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The mass transfer steps 8.3 Mass transfer equations 8.4 Determining the volumetric mass transfer coefficients 8.5 The effect of scale on mass transfer 8.6 Further reading 9 Downstream processing in biotechnology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Downstream processing:a multistage operation 9.3 Solid-liquid separation 9.4 Release of intracellular components 9.5 Concentration of biological products 9.6 Purification by chromatography 9.7 Product formulation 9.8 Monitoring of downstream processing 9.9 Process integration 9.10 Further reading 10 Measurement and control Nomenclature 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Structure of process models 10.3 Kinetic rate expressions 10.4 Advanced modelling considerations 10.5 Process supervision and control 10.6 Open-loop control 10.7 Closed-loop control 10.8 Conclusion 10.9 Further reading 11 Process economics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The starting point 11.3 Cost estimates 11.4 Process design 11.5 Design exercise 11.6 Capital costs estimates 11.7 Operating costs estimates 11.8 The costs case-to build or not to build 11.9 Further reading Part Ⅱ Practical applications 12 The business of biotechnology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 What is biotechnology used for? 12.3 Biotechnology companies,their care and nurturing 12.4 Investment in biotechnology 12.5 Who needs management? 12.6 Patents and biotechnology 12.7 Conclusion:jumping the fence 12.8 Further reading 13 Amino acids 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Commerical use of amino acids 13.3 Production methods and tools 13.4 L-Glutamate 13.5 L-Lysine 13.6 L-Threonine 13.7 L-Phenylalanine 13.8 L-Tryptophan 13.9 L-Aspartate 13.10 Outlook 13.11 Acknowledgements 13.12 Further reading 14 Organic acids 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Citric acid 14.3 Gluconic acid 14.4 Lactic acid 14.5 Other acids 14.6 Further reading 15 Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates,polysaccharides and lipids 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates 15.3 Microbial polysaccharides 15.4 Microbial lipids 15.5 Further reading 16 Antibiotics 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biosynthesis 16.3 Strain improvement 16.4 Genetic engineering 16.5 Analysis 16.6 Culture preservation and aseptic propagation 16.7 Scale-up 16.8 Fermentation 16.9 Penicillins 16.10 Cephalosporins 16.11 New β-lactam technologies 16.12 Aminoglycosides 16.13 Macrolides 16.14 Economics 16.15 Good Manufacturing Practices 16.16 Further reading 17 Baker's yeast Nomenclature 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Medium for baker's yeast production 17.3 Aerobic ethanol formation and consumption 17.4 The fed-batch technique used to control ethanol production 17.5 Industrial process control 17.6 Process outline 17.7 Further reading 18 Production of enzymes 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Enzymes from animal and plant sources 18.3 Enzymes from microbial sources 18.4 Large-scale production 18.5 Biochemical fundamentals 18.6 Genetic engineering 18.7 Recovery of enzymes 18.8 Isolation of soluble enzymes 18.9 Enzyme purification 18.10 Immobilised enzymes 18.11 Legislative and safety aspects 18.12 Further reading 19 Synthesis of chemicals using enzymes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Hydrolytic enzymes 19.3 Chiral building blocks for synthesis 19.4 Reductions and oxidations 19.5 Use of enzymes in sugar chemistry 19.6 Use of enzymes to make amino acids and peptides 19.7 Further reading 20 Recombinant proteins of high value 20.1 Applications of high-value proteins 20.2 Analytical enzymes 20.3 Therapeutic proteins 20.4 Regulatory aspects of therapeutic proteins 20.5 Outlook to the future of protein therapies 20.6 Further reading 21 Mammalian cell culture 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Mammalian cell lines and their characteristics 21.3 Commerical Products 21.4 Protein glycosylation 21.5 Media for the cultivation of mammalian cells 21.6 Metabolism 21.7 Large-scale cultivation of mammalian cells 21.8 Genetic engineering of mammalian cells 21.9 Further reading 22 Biotransformations 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Biocatalyst selection 22.3 Biocatalyst immobilisation and performance 22.4 Immobilised enzyme reactors 22.5 Biocatalysis in non-conventional media 22.6 Concluding remarks 22.7 Further reading 23 Immunochemical applications Glossary 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Antibody structure and functions 23.3 Antibody protein fragments 23.4 Antibody affinity 23.5 Antibody specificity 23.6 Immunization and production of polyclonal antisera 23.7 Monoclonal antibodies 23.8 Antibody engineering 23.9 Combinatorial and phage display libraries 23.10 In vitro uses of recombinant and monoclonal antibodies 23.11 In vivo uses of recombinant and monoclonal antibodies 23.12 Further reading 24 Environmental applications 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Treatment of waste water 24.3 Digestion of organic slurries 24.4 Treatment of solid wastes 24.5 Treatment of waste gases 24.6 Soil remediation 24.7 Treatment of groundwater 24.8 Further reading Index
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