CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (1) Definition and Scope of Physiology (1) Structure and Fundamental Characteristics of Living Organism (1) Internal Environment Homeostasis and Biorhythm (5) Regulation of Body Functions (9) Summary (19) Review Questions (19) Thought Questions (20) CHAPTER 2 BASIC FUNCTIONS OFCELLS (21) Structure of Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport (21) Signal Transduction of Cell Membrane (30) Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials (34) Contraction of Muscle (45) Summary (62) Review Questions (62) Thought Questions (63) CHAPTER 3 BLOOD (64) Body Fluid and Plasma (64) Physiology of Blood Cells (66) Physiological Hemostasis (72) Blood Types (80) Summary (80) Review Questions (82) Thought Questions (82) CHAPTER 4 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY (83) SECTION A Electrical Activity of the Heart (83) Anatomy (83) Cardiac muscle (84) Heartbeat Coordination (86) SECTION B Pump Function of the Heart (93) Mechanical Events of The Cardiac Cycle (93) The Cardiac Output (98) Measurement of Cardiac Function (101) SECTION C The Vascular System (102) Pressure, Flow, and Resistance (103) Arteries (105) Arterioles (108) Endothelial Cells and Vascular Smooth Muscle (113) Arteriolar Control in Specific Organs (114) Capillaries (116) Veins (123) The Lymphatic System (124) SECTION D Integration of Cardiovascular Function: Regulation of Systemic Arterial Pressure (126) Baroreceptor Reflexes (126) Blood Volume and Long Term Regulation of Arterial Pressure (130) Other Cardiovascular Reflexes and Responses (130) SECTION E Circulation through Special Regions (131) Coronary Circulation (131) Pulmonary Circulation (136) Cerebral Circulation (136) Summary (138) Review Questions (141) Thought Questions (142) CHAPTER 5 RESPIRATION (143) SECTION A Organization of the Respiratory System (143) The Airway and its Functions (144) Sites of Gas Exchange (144) Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall (145) SECTION B Pulmonary Ventilation (146) Principle of Pulmonary Ventilation (146) Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities (154) Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation (156) SECTION C Gas Exchange (157) Exchange of Gases in Alveoli and Tissues (157) Gas Exchange between Tialveoli and Blood (161) Gas Exchange Between Tissues and Blood (163) Abnormalities of Ventilation/ Perfusion Ratio (163) SECTION D Gas Transport (163) Transport of Oxygen in the Blood (164) Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood (167) Transport of Hydrogen Ions between Tissues and Lungs (167) SECTION E Regulation of Respiration (169) Respiratory Center and Respiratory Rhythm (169) Reflex Control of Breathing (171) Summary (175) Review Questions (176) Thought Questions (176) CHAPTER 6 GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION (177) Introduction (177) Mouth and Esophagus (182) Digestion in Stomach (184) Digestion in Small Intestine (189) Function of Colon (196) Absorption (197) Pathophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (203) Summary (205) Review Questions (206) Thought Questions (206) CHAPTER 7 ENERGY METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE (208) SECTION A Energy Metabolism (208) Source,Transfer and Storage of Energy (208) Energy Utilization by Cells (211) Energy Supply in Absorptive and Postabsorptive States (214) Basic Concepts of Energy Expenditure (221) SECTION B Body Temperature Regulation (227) Body Temperature (227) Heat Production and Heat Loss (229) Regulation of the Body Temperature (234) Summary (238) Review Questions (239) Thought Question (239) CHAPTER 8 THE KIDNEYS AND REG-ULATION OF WATER AND INOR-GANIC IONS (240) SECTION A Basic Principles of Renal Physiology (240) Renal Functions (240) Structure of the Kidneys and Urinary System (240) Renal Blood Flow and Its Regulation (244) The Urine Formation by The Kidneys (245) Concentrated and Diluted Urine by Kidneys (255) Regulation of Urine Formation by The Kidneys (260) Renal Clearance (263) Micturition (265) SECTION B Regulation of Sodium,Water, and Potassium Balance (266) Total-Body Balance of Sodium and Water (266) Basic Renal Processes for Sodium and Water (266) Renal Sodium Regulation (267) Renal Water Regulation (268) A Summary Example: The Response to Sweating (270) Thirst and Salt Appetite (270) Potassium Regulation (270) SECTION C Calcium Regulation (271) Effector Sites for Calcium Homeostasis (271) SECTION D Hydrogen Ion Regulation (273) Sources of Hydrogen Ion Gain or Loss (273) Buffering of Hydrogen Ions in the Body (274) Integration of Homeostatic Controls (274) Renal Mechanisms (275) Summary (276) Review Questions (277) Thought Questions (278) CHAPTER 9 SENSORY PHYSIOLOGY (279) SECTION A Sensory Functions of Nervous System (279) General Principles (279) SECTION B Specific Sensory System (288) Vision (288) Hearing (299) Vestibular System (303) Somatic Sensation (306) Chemical Senses (311) Summary (312) Review Questions (313) Thought Questions (313) CHAPTER 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM (315) SECTION A Structure and Function of Neurons (315) Structure and Maintenance of Neurons (315) Functional Classes of Neurons (316) SECTION B Synapses (318) Functional Anatomy of Synapses (319) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential(EPSP) and Excitation Trans-mission (321) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) (321) Synaptic Integration (322) Synaptic Strength (323) Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators (324) SECTION C Control of Body Movement (330) Motor Control Hierarchy (330) Local Control of Motor Neurons (333) The Brain Motor Centers and the Descending Pathways They Control (338) Muscle Tone (344) Maintenance of Upright Posture and Balance (345) SECTION D Autonomic Nervous System (346) SECTION E Higher Function of Nervous System (351) States of Consciousness (351) Learning and Memory (357) Cerebral Dominance and Language (359) Motivation and Emotion (361) Conclusion (364) Blood Supply, Blood-Brain Barrier Phenomena, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (364) Summary (366) Review Questions (367) Thought Questions (368) CHAPTER 11 ENDOCRINOLOGY (369) SECTION A Foundations of Hormonal Control Systems (369) General Introduction (369) Principles of Hormonal Control Systems (372) SECTION B The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland (381) The Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus (381) Posterior Pituitary Hormones Are Produced by the Hypothalamus (381) Anterior Pituitary Hormones Are Controlled by the Hypothalamus (382) Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibitory Hormones (383) Disorders of the Hypothalamus (386) Disorders of The Anterior Pituitary (387) Growth Hormone (387) SECTION C The Thyroid Hormone (393) Synthesis and Secretion of The Thyroid Hormone (394) Carriage of Thyroid Hormones (395) Functions of Thyroid Hormones (396) Control of Thyroid Hormone Secretion (398) Summary (399) Review questions (400) Thought questions (400) CHAPTER 12 REPRODUCTION (401) SECTION A General Terminology and Concepts, Sex Determination and Differentiation (401) General Principles of Gametogenesis (402) Sex Determination (403) Sex Differentiation (404) SECTION B Male Reproductive Physiology (406) Anatomy (406) Spermatogenesis (408) Transport of Sperm (409) Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions (410) Puberty (411) SECTION C Female Reproductive Physiology (412) Anatomy (412) Ovarian Functions (413) Control of Ovarian Function (417) Uterine Changes in the Menstrual Cycle (422) Androgens in Women (423) Puberty (424) Pregnancy (424) Menopause (433) Precocious Puberty (434) Summary (434) Review Questions (435) Thought Questions (435) Appendix 1 English and Metric Units (437) Appendix 2 English-Chinese Vocabulary (438) Appendix 3 Abbreviations Used in the Text (450)