CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER Ⅰ DETERMINATION OF ROOT CANAL WORKING LENGTH …………001 PART Ⅰ GENERAL DESCRIPTION 001 1.1 Signi.cance of Working Length in Root Canal Treatment 001 1.2 Theoretical Basis of Precise Determination 002 PART Ⅱ COMMON METHODS FOR WORKING LENGTH DETERMINATION 002 2.1 History of Working Length Determination 002 2.2 Concept, Operation And Signi.cance of Tactile Method 003 2.2 Concept, Operation And Signi.cance of Radiographic Method 004 2.3 Concept, Operation And Signi.cance of Electronic Method 004 PART Ⅲ DETERMINATION OF THE ROOT CANAL WORKING LENGTH 006 3.1 Anatomic Foundation of the Apical Area 006 3.2 Clinical Methods in Precise Determination of Working Length 007 3.3 Clinical Technique with Electronic Apex Locators 008 3.4 Clinical Consideration on Working Length Determination 008 3.4 Operation Announcements 011 REFERENCES 011 CHAPTER Ⅱ DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION ON MICRO ROOT CANAL TREAT-MENT …………………………………………………………………………012 PART Ⅰ DEVELOPMENT OF SURGICAL MICROSCOPE 012 PART Ⅱ CHARACTERISTIC OF SURGICAL MICROSCOPE 013 2.1 Magni.cation 013 2.2 Illumination 013 PART Ⅲ.ADVANTAGE COMBINED WITH RCT AND SURGICAL MICROSCOPE 013 Search Root Canal Ori.ce 013 PART Ⅳ.MANAGING CANAL CALCIFICATION AND BLOCKAGE 014 PART Ⅴ MANAGING INSTRUMENTS SEPARATION 015 PART Ⅵ MICRO-ULTRASONIC TECHNOLOGY 015 PART Ⅶ MICRO-TUBE TECHNIQUE 015 PART Ⅷ PERFORATION REPAIR 017 PART Ⅸ CRACK DETECTION 018 PART Ⅹ PERIAPICAL SURGERY 018 Instruments Comparison 018 PART Ⅺ COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MICROSURGERY 018 CHAPTER Ⅲ ROOT CANAL RETREATMENT ……………………………………………022 PART Ⅰ CAUSES FOR FAILURE OF ENDODONTIC TREATMENT 022 PART Ⅱ INDICATION OF RETREATMENT 023 2.1 Indication of Retreatment 023 2.2 Contraindication of Retreatment 023 2.3 The Risk And Advantage of Retreatment 024 PART Ⅲ PROCEDURES FOR RETREATMENT 024 3.1 Removal of Crown 024 3.2 Management of Root Canal Omittance 024 3.3 Removal of Gutta-percha 025 3.4 Management of Calci.cation 025 3.5 Management of Ledge 026 3.6 Management of Root Perforation 027 PART Ⅳ POST-TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS 028 4.1 Flare-up 028 4.2 Final Coronal Restoration 028 4.3 Follow-up Visits 028 4.4 Prognosis for Healing 028 REFERENCES 028 CHAPTER Ⅳ STRATEGIES TO THE PROBLEMS IN THE PROCESS OF ROOT CANAL TREATMENT …………………………………………………………………030 PART Ⅰ LOSS OF WORKING LENGTH 030 PART Ⅱ ROOT CANAL BLOCKAGE 030 PART Ⅲ LEDGE FORMATION 031 PART Ⅳ TRANSPORTATION 033 4.1 Canal Transportation 033 4.2 Zip Formation 033 4.3 Elbow Formation 033 PART Ⅴ PERFORATIONS 034 5.1 Four Dimeusious of A Perforation 034 5.2 Cervical Canal Perforations 035 5.3 Midroot Perforations 035 5.4 Apical Perforations 035 PART Ⅵ INADEQUATE OR INAPPROPRIATE ENLARGING AND SHAPING THAT HIN-DER THE PROVISION OF QUALITY TREATMENT 035 6.1 Enlarging And Shaping Beyond the Canal Terminus 035 6.2 Excessive Removal of Root Dentin 036 6.3 Failure to Properly Enlarge And Shape the Canal 036 CHAPTER Ⅴ THE EFFECT OF OVAL CANAL ON ROOT CANAL TREATMENT ……037 PART Ⅰ THE DEFINITION AND PREVALENCE OF OVAL CANAL 037 1.1 The De.niton of Oval Canal 037 1.2 Occurrence of Oval Canal 037 PART Ⅱ PREPARATION OF OVAL CANAL 039 2.1 Mechanical Preparation 039 2.2 Machine Preparation Methods 039 2.3 Chemical Prepare 040 PART Ⅲ OBTURATION OF OVAL ROOT CANALS 040 3.1 Cold Lateral Condensation of Gutta-percha 041 3.2 Warm Gutta-percha Fillings 041 3.3 Conclusion 042 REFERENCES 042 CHAPTER Ⅵ RADIOGRAPHIC AIDS IN ROOT CANAL TREATMENT ………………044 PART Ⅰ INTRAORAL PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHY 044 1.1 Principles of Periapical Radiography 044 1.2 Limitations of the Periapical Radiography 044 1.3 Interpretation of Radiograph 045 PART Ⅱ COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) 045 2.1 The Traditional CT 045 2.2 Cone-beam CT 045 2.3 Application of Cone Beam CT in Endodentics 046 REFERENCES 047 CHAPTER Ⅶ FRONTIERS IN PERIODONTAL MICROBIOLOGY ……………………050 PART Ⅰ CURRENT CONCEPT AND PROGRESS FOR SUBGINGIVAL BIOFILM RE-SEARCH 050 1.1 Formation And Construction of Subgingival Bio.lm 050 1.2 Bacterial Community of Subgingival Bio.lm 052 1.3 Multiple Interspecies Interactions And Special Bacterial Behavior in Subgingival Bio.lm 054 PART Ⅱ CURRENT CONCEPT IN PATHOGENICITY OF PERIODONTAL PATHO-GENS 058 2.1 Current Concept of Periodontal Pathogens 058 2.2 Progress of Periodontal Primary Pathogenic Bacteria Research 058 2.3 Progress of Periodontal Virus Research 062 PART Ⅲ OVERVIEW OF MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE 064 REFERENCES 065 CHAPTER Ⅷ RESEARCH PROGRESS OF AETIOLOGY FROM SYSTEMIC DISOR-DERS ……………………………………………………………………………066 PART Ⅰ STRESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS 066 1.1 What Is Stress? 066 1.2 Stress In.uence Life-style 067 1.3 Interaction Between Stress And Periodontal Disease 068 PART Ⅱ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE 068 2.1 RA May Be A Causal Factor for Periodontitis 069 2.2 Periodontitis May Be A Causal Factor for RA 070 2.3 Genetic Factors in RA And Periodontitis 070 PART Ⅲ OBESITY AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE 070 3.1 De.nition And Classi.cation of Obesity 070 3.2 Prevalence of Obesity 070 3.3 Obesity-Related Diseases 071 3.4 Relationship Between Obesity And Periodontal Disease, Animals Experiments 071 3.5 Relationship Between Obesity And Periodontal Disease, Epidemiological Stud-ies 071 3.6 Biological Mechanisms 072 PART Ⅳ CIGARETTE SMOKING AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE 073 4.1 Smoking, A Risk Factor for Periodontitis 073 4.2 Mechanisms of Periodontal Disease Progression in Smokers 073 4.3 Effects of Smoking on Periodontal Therapy 075 REFERENCES 077 CHAPTER Ⅸ PERIODONTAL INITIAL THERAPY ………………………………………080 PART Ⅰ THE OBJECTIVE AND CONTENT OF PERIODONTAL INITIAL THERAPY 080 Sequence of Procedures 081 PART Ⅱ THE PROGRESS OF PERIODONTAL INITIAL THERAPY 081 2.1 Hand Instruments And Ultrasonic Scalers 082 2.2 Subgingival Air-polishing 083 2.3 Laser Therapy 084 2.4 Treatment Program (One-stage Full-mouth Treatment/Partition Period of Treat-ment) 089 2.5 The Timing of the Periodontal Drug Treatment 090 PART Ⅲ THE TISSUE HEALING AND THE EFFECT OF PERIODONTAL INITIAL THER-APY 092 REFERENCES 093 CHAPTER Ⅹ PERIODONTAL REGENERATIVE THERAPY ……………………………095 PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION 095 PART Ⅱ REGENERATIVE SURGERY 096 2.1 Bone Grafts 096 2.2 Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) 099 2.3 Evaluation of New Attachment And Periodontal Reconstruction 100 PART Ⅲ GROWTH FACTOR 101 3.1 Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) 101 3.2 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) 101 3.3 Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor(bFGF) 102 3.4 Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF) 102 3.5 Transforming Growth Factor-β(TGF-β) 103 3.6 Cementum-related Factors 103 3.7 Growth Differentiation Factor-5 103 3.8 Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP) 103 3.9 P-15 103 3.10 Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) 104 3.11 Enamel Matrix Proteins (EMPs) 104 3.12 Releasing Technology 104 PART Ⅳ APPLICATION OF ENAMEL MATRIX PROTEINS 104 4.1 In Vitro Studies 104 4.2 In Vivo Animal Studies 105 4.3 In Vivo Human Studies 105 4.4 Clinical Studies 106 4.5 Surgical Technique 107 4.6 Factors Affecting EMD Outcome 108 4.7 Conclusions 108 PART Ⅴ PERIODONTAL TISSUE ENGINEERING 108 5.1 Cells 108 5.2 Signaling Molecules 111 5.3 Scaffold 111 PART Ⅵ GENE THERAPY 112 PART Ⅶ RISK FACTORS FOR PERIODONTAL REGENERATIVE THERAPY 114 7.1 Patient Factors 114 7.2 Tooth Factors 114 7.3 Defect Morphology 114 7.4 Therapeutic Procedures 114 REFERENCES 114 CHAPTER Ⅺ PERIODONTAL MEDICINE …………………………………………………124 PART Ⅰ THE EMERGENCE OF PERIODONTAL MEDICINE 124 PART Ⅱ RELATIVE RESEARCHES OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES 125 2.1 Periodontal Diseases And Diabetes Mellitus 125 2.2 Periodontal Diseases And Cardiovascular Diseases 127 2.3 Periodontal Diseases And Preterm Low Birth Weight 130 2.4 Periodontal Diseases And Respiratory Diseases 131 2.5 Periodontal Diseases And Digestive System Diseases 132 2.6 Periodontal Diseases And Rheumatoid Arthritis 133 2.7 Periodontal Diseases And Osteoporosis 134 PART Ⅲ SUMMARY 135 REFERENCES 135
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