This series of books are the output of the research project called“Sustainable Development in Asia(SDA)”,which was initiated by the Association of Academies of Sciences in Asia(AASA).They are comprised of one synthesis report,which entitled Towards a Sustainable Asia:Green Transition and Innovation,and four thematic reports on natural resources,energy,the environment and climate change,and culture from particular perspectives of agriculture. They aim to:1)investigate common sustainability issues faced by all Asian countries,including population increase,poverty alleviation,pollution control,ecological restoration,as well as regional problems,such as water shortage in West and Central Asia,energy security in Northeast Asia,development model&transformation in East Asia;2)analyze and summarize of best practices towards sustainable development in Asia;3)bring forward suggistions and policy options for promoting green transition,system innovation and sustainable development of Asia. With best practice guidelines for a sustainable Asia,this series of reports,for the first time systematically address the common challenges and regional problems in regard to Asia's natural resources use,pollution reduction and climate protection,sustainable energy development,and innovations for environment-friendly and culture-compatible agriculture.They will provide handy and useful information to researchers,government policy makers and the general public who have concerns about Asia's sustainable development. AASA is a scientific and technological organization in Asia,established in 2000,comprising of 26 member academies all over Asia.Its vision is to provide a forum for the discussion of all issues relevant to science and technology development and its application on national level within Asia.
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目录
1 Environmental Issues in Asia:States and Trends
1.1 Key environmental issues in Asia:a big picture
1.2 Atmosphere
1.3 Water
1.4 Regional climate change
1.5 Climate extremes and natural disasters
2 Sensitivity and Vulnerability Across Asia-Ecoregional Perspective
2.1 Dryland(Arid and semi-arid areas)
2.2 Highland areas
2.3 Coastal areas
2.4 Urban areas
3 Challenges and Opportunities for Better Environment
3.1 Key problems
3.2 Responses and actions from various sectors
3.3 Solution and strategies based on local knowledge
4 Environmental and Climate Change Policies Towards Sustainability
4.1 Overview of national regulations and regional cooperation
4.2 Lessons and progresses from past decade
4.3 Going forward
References
Figures
Figure1.1 Geographic features and sub-regions of Asia,showing spatial coverage of this report(Image designed by Hao Gao & Gensuo Jia with ESRI and NASA data)
Figure1.2 Emissions of NOx,sulfur dioxide,and carbon dioxide from Asia countries(Source:Kawase,2007)
Figure1.3 Annual average PM10 concentrations observed in selected cities of Asia(Source:WHO,2006)
Figure1.4 Annual average sulfur dioxide concentrations in 2000-2005 reported from selected cities of Asia(Source:WHO,2006)
Figure1.5 Annual average nitrogen dioxide concentrations in 2000-2005 reported from selected cities of Asia(Source:WHO,2006)
Figure1.6 Asian brown cloud has accelerated melting of alpine glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(Source:Xu et al.,2009)
Figure1.7 Trend of annual pH of precipitation(2000-2007)(Source:Second EANET Report for Policy Makers:Clean Air for A Sustainable Future,2009)
Figure1.8 Distribution of average annual wet deposition of nss-SO42- and NO3- for 2000-2007(Source:Second EANET Report for Policy Makers:Clean Air for a Sustainable Future,2009)
Figure1.9 Water shortage and pollution in Asia(Photo credit:Gensuo Jia)
Figure1.10 Changes in temperature,sea level and Northern Hemisphere snow cover.Observed changes in:(a)global average surface temperature;(b)global average sea level from tide gauge(blue)and satellite(red)data and(c)Northern Hemisphere snow cover for March-April.All differences are relative to corresponding averages for the period 1961-1990.Smoothed curves represent decada averaged values(Source:Solomon et al.,2007)
Figure1.11 Global sea level and thermal expansion from 1993-2003(Source:Solomon et al.,2007)
Figure1.12 Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide over selected countries in 2006(Source:IEA,2009)
Figure1.13 The most recent extreme events occurred in Asia(Source:UNEP,2007,modified)
Figure1.14 Natural catastrophes worldwide 1980-2008 number of events(Source:natural catastrophe review,2008)
Figure1.15 Share of global natural disaster damages in Asia,1975-2005(Source:ADRC-Natural Disasters Data Book 2005)
Figure2.1 Four types of ecoregions in Asia:dryland(light pink),highland(see terra),urban(red patches),and coastal areas(blue belts).Note that only part of Asia is shown to represent those types.Image is designed by Hao Gao & Gensuo Jia based on land cover(NASA,2009)and DEM(USGS,2000)
Figure2.2 Vast arid areas in west China and Mongolia featured with sparse shrubs and graves,as seen in the field(a)and from satellite(b)(Credit:(a)Gensuo Jia;(b)NASA)
Figure2.3 Severe drought in north and northeast China in summer 2009 as indicated by comparing soil moisture between 2009 and 2003-2008 average with integrated aqua/AMSR-E and field soil moisture.Analyzed by Anzhi Zhang and Gensuo Jia with NASA data
Figure2.4 Expansion of sandy desert along edge of the Tengger Desert,as seen in the field(a)and from satellite(b)(Credit:(a)Gensuo Jia;(b)Digital Globe)
Figure2.5 Asia mountain ecosystems are vulnerable to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity(Photo credit:(a)Gensuo Jia;(b)Xia Li)
Figure2.6 Alpine eco-tourism and snow/glaciers at the Tianshan Mountain near Almaty,Kazakhstan(Photo credit:Gensuo Jia)
Figure2.7 Coastal land use and development in Asia(Photo credit:(a)Xia Li;(b)Gensuo Jia)
Figure2.8 Pair of satellite images of the Banda Aceh shoreline in Indonesia before and after the 2004 tsunami(Source:Digital Globe)
Figure2.9 Rapid declining of mangrove forest along the coasts near China-Vietnam boarder,largely driven by land use modification(Photo credit:Xia Li)
Figure2.10 Dense human population and intense urbanization in East Asia,South Asia,and Southeast Asia as detected from satellite.White-yellow areas represent urban areas,while concentrated bright patches are major cities(Source:NASA/US Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP),2006)
Figure2.11 Variation in estimated heat island intensity in large Asian cities(Source:Kataoka,2009)
Figure2.12 Remotely sensed thermal infrared data have demonstrated the land surface temperature can get 2.5]]>
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