Contents Part I Transparent Materials 1 Introduction 3 References 4 2 Transparent Sand of Silica Gel 5 2.1 Static Properties of Silica Gel 6 2.2 Dynamic Properties of Silica Gel 9 2.2.1 Resonant Column Tests and Sample Preparation 9 2.2.2 Shear Modulus of Silica Gel 10 2.2.3 Comparison with Shear Modulus of Clay,Sand and Gravel 15 2.2.4 Damping Ratio of Silica Gel 17 2.3 Summary and Conclusions 21 References 22 3 Transparent Sand of Fused Quartz 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Static Properties of Fused Quartz 25 3.2.1 Materials 26 3.2.2 Stress-Strain Curves of Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz 27 3.2.3 Shear Strength 29 3.2.4 Pore Pressure 30 3.2.5 Deviatoric Stress and Stress Ratio 31 3.2.6 Summary 32 3.3 Geotechnical Properties of Fused Quartz with Different Pore Fluid 32 3.3.1 Fused Quartz and Pore Ruid 33 3.3.2 Experimental Program 34 3.3.3 Testing Results 34 3.3.4 Critical State Line 38 3.3.5 Duncan-Chang Model for Transparent Soils 38 3.3.6 Summary 42 3.4 Dynamic Properties for Transparent Soil of Fused Quartz 42 3.4.1 Experiment 42 3.4.2 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Fused Quartz 43 3.5 Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Transparent Soils with Different Pore Fluids 45 3.5.1 Pore Fluids 45 3.5.2 Testing Methods 46 3.5.3 Shear Modulus Influenced by Pore Fluids 49 3.5.4 Damping Ratios Influenced by Pore Fluids 52 3.6 Cyclic Undrained Behavior and Liquefaction Resistance of Transparent Sand Made of Fused Quartz 54 3.6.1 Testing Methods 55 3.6.2 Results and Analysis 55 3.7 Summary 57 References 60 4 Transparent Clay of Carbopol U10 60 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Materials and Manufacture Process 64 4.2.1 Raw Materials 64 4.2.2 Manufacture Processes 66 4.3 Optical Properties of Synthetic Clay 67 4.3.1 Transparency Analysis 67 4.3.2 Speckle Pattern 69 4.4 Geotechnical Properties of Synthetic Clay 70 4.4.1 Shear Strength 70 4.4.2 Consolidation 74 4.4.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 76 4.4.4 Thermal Conductivity 79 4.5 Discussions and Conclusions 80 References 81 5 Transparent Rock 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Testing Methodology 84 5.2.1 Materials and Specimens 84 5.2.2 Test Facilities and Processes 85 5.3 Experimental Results and Discussions 87 5.3.1 Uniaxial Compression Test 87 5.3.2 Brazilian Tensile Test 93 5.4 Conclusions 97 References 97 6 Pore Fluid 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Low Viscosity Pore Fluid 102 6.2.1 Temperature Variation of the Viscosity and Refractive Index of the Potential Solvents 102 6.2.2 Determination of the Matching Refractive Index of the Matching Pore Fluid 105 6.2.3 Investigation on the Interaction Between the Pore Fluid and the Latex Membrane 106 6.3 New Pore Fluid to Manufacture Transparent Soil 111 6.3.1 Introduction 111 6.3.2 Pore Fluids Tested 114 6.3.3 Apparatus and Procedures 116 6.3.4 Results and Discussions 117 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 129 References 130 Part II Transparent Soil Imaging and Image Processing 7 Laser Speckle Effect 130 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Characteristics of Laser Speckle Field 136 7.3 Digital Image of Laser Speckle 137 References 139 8 2D Transparent Soil Imaging and Digital Image Cross-Correlation 141 8.1 2D Transparent Soil Model and Imaging 141 8.2 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 142 8.3 Main Error Sources in 2D-DIC Measurement 144 8.4 Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 147 8.5 Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Displacement by DIC 149 8.5.1 Experimental Program 150 8.5.2 Influences of Different Sized Fused Quartz on Displacement Measurement 150 8.5.3 Selecting the Query Window Based on Average Gray Gradient 151 8.5.4 Influences of Fused Quartz Grain Size on the Query Window Size in DIC 154 8.5.5 Translation Test 155 8.6 Summary 160 References 160 9 Camera Calibration Based on Neural Network Method 163 9.1 Camera Calibration 163 9.2 Neural Network Calibration Method 164 9.3 Angle Error Analysis 168 9.4 Application in DIC and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 170 9.5 Summary and Conclusions 172 References173 10 Three-Dimensional Transparent Soil Imaging and Processing 175 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Transparent Soil Model and Testing Set Up 176 10.3 Automatic Tomographic Scanning Measuring Device and Experimental Setup 178 10.4 Optimized Particle Image Velocimetry Image Processing Algorithm 181 10.5 The Calibration Tests 182 10.5.1 The Calibration Tests of Automatic Tomographic Scanning Measuring Device 182 10.5.2 The Accuracy of the Optimized Image Processing Algorithm 184 10.6 Modified 3D Reconstruction Method 184 10.7 Application to Jacked-Pile Penetration 186 10.7.1 Comparison of the Displacement Pattern Between Flat-Ended Pile and Cone-Ended Pile 186 10.7.2 Deformation Behaviour During Continuous Penetration 191 10.8 Summary and Conclusions 193 References 195 Part in Application of Transparent Soil Modelling in Geotechnical Engineering 11 Application of Transparent Soil Modeling Technique to Investigate Pile Foundation 199 11.1 Visualization Model Test on Construction Process of Tapered Pile Driving and Pile Base Grouting in Transparent Soil 199 11.1.1 Introduction 199 11.1.2 Construction Process In-Situ 200 11.1.3 Model Description 201 11.1.4 Results Analysis and Discussion 202 11.1.5 Modeling Limitations 205 11.1.6 Conclusions 205 11.2 Visualization Model Test on Bearing Capacity of Pipe Pile Under Oblique Pulling Load 207 11.2.1 Introduction 207 11.2.2 Model Test Description 208 11.2.3 Results and Discussions 211 11.2.4 Conclusions 217 11.3 Soil Plugging Effects in Pipe Pile 219 11.3.1 Introduction 219 11.3.2 Laboratory Tests 221 11.3.3 Test Results and Analysis 227 11.3.4 Conclusion 239 11.4 Pile-Soil-Cap Interaction Investigation 240 11.4.1 Introduction 240 11.4.2 Experimental Program 242 11.4.3 Testing Results and Analysis 245 11.4.4 Summary and Conclusions 254 11.5 Model Tests of Jacked-Pile Penetration into Sand Using Transparent Soil and Incremental Particle Image Velocimetry 255 11.5.1 Introduction 255 11.5.2 Experimental Methodology 257 11.5.3 Experimental Results and Analysis 264 11.5.4 Summary and Conclusions 277 11.6 Visualization of Bulging Development of Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Column 279 11.6.1 Introduction 279 11.6.2 Experimental Description 280 11.6.3 Results and Discussion 286 11.6.4 Conclusions 290 Appendix: Theoretical Predicted 291 References 292 12 Application of Transparent Soil Modeling Technique to Grouting 301 12.1 Modeling of Grout Propagation in Transparent Replica of Rock Fractures 301 12.1.1 Introduction 301 12.1.2 Materials 302 12.1.3 Experimental Set Up and Procedure 303 12.1.4 Results and Analysis 306 12.1.5 Conclusions 313 12.2 Modeling of Chemical Grout Column Permeated by Water in Transparent Soil 313 12.2.1 Introduction 313 12.2.2 Materials 314 12.2.3 Physical Modeling Experiments 316 12.2.4 Transparent Soil Model Results 320 12.2.5 3D FEM Model 320 12.2.6 Limitations and Discussion 325 12.2.7 Conclusions 327 References 328 13 Application of Transparent Soil Modeling Technique to Rapid Penetration of Objects 331 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 Experimental Program 333 13.2.1 Projectile Accelerator and Projectile 334 13.2.2 Transparent Soil Model 335 13.2.3 Penetration Depth Measurement 336 13.3 Experimental Results 336 13.3.1 Penetration into Dry Fused Quartz Sand 336 13.3.2 Penetration into Transparent Soil (Fully Saturated) 342 13.4 Visualization of the Penetration Event 347 13.5 Discussions 352 13.5.1 Penetration Depth Scaling 352 13.5.2 Collision Duration tc 352 13.5.3 Peak Acceleration 354 13.5.4 Kinetic Energy 355 13.6 Summary and Conclusions 356 References 357
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