Preface 1 Ecological View of Resistance Breeding to Plant Diseases 1.1 Plant Pathosystems in Natural Ecosystems and in Crop Ecosystems 1.2 Cultivar-the Core of the Crop Ecosystems 1.3 Man-guided Evolution of Pathogen 1.3.1 Selection of Pathogen Species by Cultivar 1.3.2 Selection of Pathogen Races by Ciltivar 1.3.3 Evolution of Host-Pathogen Interaction 1.4 Hazards of Host Genetic Homogeneity 1.5 Sustainable Agriculture and Plant Disease Resistance Breeding 1.6 Further Studies 2 Epidemiological Analysis of Plant Disease Resistance 2.1 Definition and Concept of Plant Disease Resistance 2.2 Hierarchical Analysis of Plant Disease Resistance and Epidemic 2.3 Genetic Composition of Host Resistance—the Leading Factor on Pathogen Evolution 2.4 Interaction between Resistance and Epidemic 2.4.1 Interaction during Seasonal Epidemic Process 2.4.2 Source of Inoculum and Resistance 2.4.3 Influence of Epidemic Pattern on Changes of Genetic Composition of Pathogen and of Host 2.4.4 Rate-reducing Resistance and Epidemic 3 Population Genetics Study on Host-Pathogen Interaction 3.1 Co-evolution of Host and Pathogen 3.2 Biological Characters and Host-Dependence of Pathogen 3.3 Disease Resistance Spectrum of Cultivar and the Change of Disease Spectrum of Crop 3.4 Race Resistance Spectrum of Cultivar and the Racial Shift 3.4.1 Resistance Gene Deployment and Racial Shift of Wheat Yellow Rust Fungus in China 3.4.2 Resistance Gene Deployment and Racial Shift of Rice Blast Fungus in China 3.5 Population Genetics Process 3.5.1 Target of Selection 3.5.2 Reproductive Mode of Pathogen and Selection 3.5.3 Directional Selection and Stabilizing Selection 3.5.4 Virulence Association and Virulence Dissociation 3.5.5 Direct Selection and Indirect Selection 3.5.6 Genetic Drift 3.5.7 Gene Flow 3.6 The Process of Development of New Virulent Race 3.6.1 The Confrontation Table of Cultivar Composition and Racial Composition 3.6.2 Mutation Rate of Virulence Genes and the Rate of Sexual and Asexual Recombination of Pathogen 3.6.3 Population Size of Pathogen 3.6.4 Life Cycle and Epidemic Process 3.6.5 Meteorological Factors Influencing Epidemic 3.6.6 Cultivar Composition in Production Field and Gene Deployment 3.6.7 Cultivar-Race Parasitic Fitness 4 Parasitic Fitness of Cultivar-Race Combinations 4.1 Definition and Constructive Elements of Parasitic Fitness of CultivarRace Composition 4.2 Dimension of Parasitic Fitness and Relative Parasitic Fitness 4.3 Operational Definition and Methods to Estimate Relative Parasitic Fitness 4.3.1 Polycyclic Disease,Relative Comprehensive Disease Index Method 4.3.2 Polycyclic Disease, Relative Apparent Infection Rate Method 4.3.3 Indirect Estimation Method for Relative Apparent Infection Rate 4.3.4 Reciprocal Conversion of Estimated Values by Relative Comprehensive Disease Index Method and Relative Apparent Infection Rate Method 4.3.5 Environmental Effects on Estimation of Parastic Fitness 4.3.6 Monocyclic Disease 4.4 Brief Conclusion on Method of Estimation 4.5 Parasitic Fitness and Physiological Races 4.6 Parasitic Fitness and Aggressiveness 4.7 Parasitic Fitness and Disease Resistance Breeding 5 Modeling and Simulation of Race Shift Dynamics 5.1 Mutual Selection between Host and Pathogen in Natural Ecosystem 5.1.1 Jayakar’s Model 5.1.2 Leonard’s Model 5.2 Cultivar-Race Interaction in Crop Ecosystem 5.2.1 Groth’s Model, Multiline-Race Interaction 5.2.2 Kiyosawa’s Model, Two pairs of Resistance Genes vs Two pairs of Virulence Genes 5.3 Modeling Multi-Cultivars Vs Multi-Races System 5.3.1 General Model for Polycyclic Diseases 5.3.2 General Model for Monocyclic Diseases 5.3.3 Specific Model for Certain Diseases 6 Horizontal Resistance, Durable Resistance and Resistance Stabilization 6.1 Basic Concepts 6.2 Horizontal Resistance 6.3 Make-up of Cultivar Resistance, Horizontal Resistance and Vertical Resistance 6.4 Methods of Identification of Horizontal and Vertical Resistance 6.4.1 Race Nursery 6.4.2 Multi-site and Multi-year Test 6.4.3 Major or Minor Gene Inheritance of Resistance 6.4.4 Resistance Components Analysis 6.4.5 Historical Investigation 6.4.6 Comprehensive Investigation 6.5 Durable Resistance 6.6 Durability of Resistance and Its Estimation 6.6.1 Problems in Durability Estimation 6.6.2 DRES,Model for Durability Estimation 6.6.3 Possible Application of DRES 6.7 Disease Resistance Stabilization 7 Quantitative Resistance and Its Evaluation 7.1 Quantitative, Partial as well as Rate-reducing Resistance and Parasitic Fitness 7.2 Epidemiological Analysis of Rate-reducing Resistance 7.3 Quantification and Dimension of Rate-reducing Resistance 7.3.1 Relative Disease Index Method,RDI 7.3.2 Relative Resistance Index Method,RRI 7.3.3 Relative Resistance Coefficient Method,RRC 7.4 Field Estimation of Rate-reducing Resistance 7.5 Potential Value of Rate-reducing Resistance in Application 7.6 Rate-reducing Resistance and Its Durability 7.7 Method of Quantification of Partial Resistance in Monocylclic Disease 8 Breeding Plants for Horizontal Resistance 8.1 Vertfolia effect,Erosion of Horizontal Resistance during Vertical Resistance Breeding 8.2 Some Artifacts and Misunderstanding 8.2.1 Parlevliet Effect 8.2.2 Interplot Interference 8.2.3 Quantitative Vertical Resistance 8.3 Special Points in Breeding Plants for Horizontal Resistance 8.3.1 Genetic Sources of Horizontal Resistance 8.3.2 Elimination of the Interferenee of Vertical Resistance 8.3.3 Population Breeding 8.3.4 Comprehensive Breeding for Horizontal and Vertical Resistance 9 Criterion for Disease Resistance in Breeding Objective 9.1 Target Diseases in Resistance Breeding Objective 9.1.1 Different Requirement for Resistance Breeding for Different Kinds of Diseases 9.1.2 Major,Minor and Rare Diseases on Certain Crop 9.1.3 Disease Epidemic Potential and Potential Disaster Disease 9.1.4 Rational Arrangement of Different Kinds of Diseases 9.2 Choice of Type of Resistance,Horizontal or Vertical Resistance 9.2.1 Only Gene-for Gene Diseases Need This Choice 9.2.2 Gene-for-Gene Evolution under Vertical Resistance Breeding 9.2.3 General Guide Lines for Choice of Type of Resistance 9.3 Quantitative Criterion for Partial Resistance 9.3.1 Epidemic Structure and the Effectiveness of Partial Resistance 9.3.2 From Disease Amount to Yield Loss 9.3.3 Epidemic Frequency and Year Yield Loss 10 Gene-Engineering in Disease Resistance and Epidemiology 10.1 Main Purpose of Applying Gene-Engineering in Disease Resistance Breeding 10.2 CP Gene Transgenic Cultivar 10.3 The Assumption of Durable Resistance Breeding by Gene-Engineering 10.4 Target Gene in Resistance Breeding by Gene-Engineering 10.5 Secondary Effect and Negative Side-Effect 10.6 Ecological Risk from Resistance Breeding by Gene-Engineering 10.6.1 Ecological Risk of Virus Resistant Transgenic Cultivar 10.6.2 “Gene Pollution”induced by Pollen Dissemination from Transgenic Plants 10.6.3 The Absorption of Exogenous DNA by Fungi 10.7 The Need of Epidemiological Assessment and Simulation of GeneEngineered Resistant Cultivar 11 About Plant Disease Resistance Breeding System Engineering 11.1 General Procedure of System Engineering of Crop Breeding and Extension 11.2 Primary Components and Flow Chart of Disease Resistance Breeding System 11.3 Benefit Evaluation of Disease Resistance Breeding 11.3.1 Economic,Social and Ecological Benefit of Disease Resistance Breeding 11.3.2 Cost of Disease Resistance Breeding 11.3.3 Method of Estimation of Economic Benefit of Disease Resistance Breeding 11.3.4 Comprehensive Benefit Evaluation of Disease Resistance Breeding 11.4 Decision of Technical Approach for Disease Resistance Breeding 11.5 Importance of Feedback of Information and Economic Benefit in System Engineering of Disease Resistance Breeding 11.6 Regulation and Adjustment of Technical Process in System Management 11.7 Cooperation and Communication with Relevant Disciplines and Technology References
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