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细胞世界(影印版)The World of the Cell(7e)
  • 电子书不支持下载,仅供在线阅读
  • 书号:9787030317629
    作者:Wayne M. Becker
  • 外文书名:
  • 装帧:
    开本:A4
  • 页数:912
    字数:1300
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  • 出版社:科学出版社
    出版时间:2012/2/6
  • 所属分类:0710 生物学
  • 定价: ¥136.00元
    售价: ¥81.60元
  • 图书介质:
    纸质书 电子书

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本书由美国威斯康星大学、密歇根大学4位教授合作编写,在世界上享有盛誉,是细胞生物学学科经典教材之一。本书在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅,读者评价较高,并被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。
本书编写内容全面、理念先进,并具有鲜明的教学使用特色——适当的深度与简明性、艺术化教学、多层次解答问题、力求精准的概念阐述、为提高教学与学习效率而设计的诸多辅助学习内容。
本书适合生命科学相关专业教学选用,也可供从业人员参考使用。
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目录

  • Brief Contents
    About the Authors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    Detailed Contents
    1 A Preview of the Cell
    2 The Chemistry of the Cell
    3 The Macromolecules of the Cell
    4 Cells and Organelles
    5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell
    6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life
    7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry
    8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier
    9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation
    10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration
    11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesis
    12 The Endomembrane System and Peroxisomes
    13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons
    14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II.Messengers and Receptors
    15 Cytoskeletal Systems
    16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility
    17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structures
    18 The Sturctural Basis of Cellular Information:DNA,Chromosomes,and the Nucleus
    19 The Cell Cycle,DNA Replication,and Mitosis
    20 Sexual Reproduction,Meiosis,and Genetic Recombination
    21 Gene Expression:I.The Genetic Code and Transcription
    22 Gene Expression:II.Protein Synthesis and Sorting
    23 The Regulation of Gene Expression
    24 Cancer Cells
    Appendix:Visualizing Cells and Molecules
    Glossary
    Photo,Illustration,and Text Credits
    Index
    Detailed Contents
    About the Authors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments
    1 A Preview of the Cell
    The Cell Theory:A Brief History
    The Emergence of Modern Cell Biology
    The Cytological Strand Deals with Cellular Structure
    The Biochemical Strand Covers the Chemistry of Biological Structure and Function
    The Genetic Strand Focuses on Information Flow
    'Facts'and the Scientific Method
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 1A Experimmental Techniques:Units of Measurement in Cell Biology
    Box 1B Further Insights:Biology,'Facts,'and the Scientific Method
    2 The Chemistry of the Cell
    The Importance of Carbon
    Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable
    Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Diverse
    Carbon-Containing Molecules Can Form Stereoisomers
    The Importance of Water
    Water Molecules Are Polar
    Water Molecules Are Cohesive
    Water Has a High Timperature-Stabilizing Capacity
    Water Is an Excellent Solvent
    The Importance of Selectively Permeable Membranes
    A Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer with Proteins Embedded in It
    Membranes Are Selectively Permeable
    The Importance of Synthesis by Polymerization
    Macromolecules Are Responsible for Most of the Form and Function in Living Systems
    Cells Contain Three Different Kinds of Macromolecules
    Macromolecules Are Synthesized by Stepwise Polymerization of Monomers
    The Importance of Self-Assembly
    Many Proteins Self-Assemble
    Molecular Chaperones Assist the Assembly of Some Proteins
    Noncovalent Bonds and Interactions Are Important in the Folding of Macromolecules
    Self-Assembly Also Occurs in Othe Cellular Structures
    The Tobacco Mosaic Birus Is a Case Study in Self-Assembly
    Self-Assembly Has Limits
    Hierarchical Assembly Provides Advantages for the Cell
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 2A Further Insights:Tempus Fugit and Fine Art of Watchmaking
    3 The Macromolecules of the Cell
    Proteins
    The Monomers Are Amino Acids
    The Polymers Are Polypepitdes and Proteins
    Several Kinds of Bonds and Interactions Are Important in Protein Folding and Stability
    Protein Structure Depends on Amino Acid Sequence and Interactions
    Nucleic Acids
    The Monomers Are Nucleotides
    The Polymers Are DNA and RNA
    A DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix
    Polysaccharides
    The Monomers Are Monosaccharides
    The Polymers Are Storage and Structural Polysaccharides
    Polysaccharide Structure Depends on the Kinds of Glycosidic Bonds Involved
    Lipids
    Fatty Acids Are the Building Blocks of Several Classes of Lipids
    Triacylglycerols Are Storage Lipids
    Phospholipids Are Important in Membrane Structure
    Glycolipids Are Specialized Membrane Components
    Steroids Are Lipids with a Variety of Functions
    Terpenes Are Formed from Isoprene
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 3A Further Insights:On the Trail of the Double Helix
    4 Cells and Organelles
    Properties and Strategies of Cells
    All Organisms Are Bacteria,Archaea,or Eukaryotes
    Limitations on Cell Size
    Eukaryotic Cells Use Organelles to Compartmentalize Cellular Function
    Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukaryotes Differ from Each Other in Many Ways
    Cell Specialization Demonstrates the Unity and Diversity of Biology
    The Eudaryotic Cell in Overview:Pictures at an Exhibition
    The Plasma Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries and Retaions Contents
    The Nucleus Is the Information Center of the Eukaryotic Cell
    Intracellular Membranes and Organelles Define Compartments
    The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells Contaions the Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
    The Extracellular Matrix and the Cell Wall Are the 'Outside 'of the Cell
    Viruses,Biroids,and Prions:Agents That Invade Cells
    A Virus Consists of a DNA or RNACore Surrounded by a Protein Coat
    Viroids Are Small,Circular RNA Molecules
    Prions Are 'proteinaceous Infective Particles'
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 4A Human Applications:Organelles and Human Diseases
    Box 4B Further Insights:Discovering Organelles:The Importance of Centrifuges and Chance Observations
    5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell
    The Importance of Energy
    Cells Need Energy to Drive Six Different Kinds of Changes
    Organisms Obtain Energy Either from Sunlight or from the Oxidation of Chemical Compounds
    Energy Flows Through the Biosphere Continuously
    The Flow of Energy Through the Biosphere Is Accompanied by a Flow of Matter
    Bioenergetics
    To Understand Energy Flow,We Need to Understand Systems,Heat,and Work
    The First Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Energy Is Conserved
    The Second Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Reactions Have Directionality
    Entropy and Free Energy Are Two Alternative Means of Assessing Thermodynamic Spontaneity
    Understanding △G
    The Equilibrium Constant Is a Measure of Directionality
    △G Can Be Calculated Readily
    The Standard Free Energy Change Is △G Measured Under Standard Conditions
    Summing Up:The Meaning of △G'and △Go'
    Free Energy Change:Sample Calculations
    Life and the Steady State:Reactions That Move Toward Equilibrium Without Ever Getting There
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 5A Further Insights:Jumping Beans and Free Energy
    6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life
    Activation Energy and the Metastable State
    Before a Chemical Reaction Can Occur,the Activation Energy Barrier Must Be Overcome
    The Metastalbe State Is a Resule of the Activation Barrier
    Catalysts Overcome the Activation Energy Barrier
    Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
    Most Enzymes Are Proteins
    Substrate Binding,Activation,and Reaction Occur at the Active Site
    Enzyme Kinetics
    Most Enzymes Display Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
    What Is the Meaning of V_max and K_m?
    Why Are K_m and V_max Important to Cell Biologists?
    The Double-Reciprocal Plot Is a Useful Means of Linearizing Kinetic Data
    Determing K_m and V_max:An Example
    Enzyme Inhibitors Act Irreversibly or Reversibly
    Enzyme Regulation
    Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Molecules Other than Reactants and Products
    Allosteric Enzymes Exhibit Cooperative Interactions Between Subunits
    Enzymes Can Also Be Regulated be the Addition or Removal of Chemical Groups
    RNA Molecules as Enzymes:Ribozymes
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connetious
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 6A Further Insights:Monkeys and Peanuts
    7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry
    The Functions of Membranes
    Membranes Define Boundaries and Serve as Permeability Barriers
    Membranes Are Sites of Specific Proteins and Therefore of Specific Functions
    Membrane Proteins Regulate the Transport of Solutes
    Membrane Proteins Detect and Transmit Electrical and Chemical Signals
    Membrane Proteins Mediate Cell Adhesion and Cell-to-Cell Communication
    Models of Membrane Structure:An Experimental Perspective
    Overton and Langmuir:Lipids Are Important Components of Membranes
    Gorter and Grendel:The Basis of Membrane Structure Is a Lipid Bilayer
    Davson and Danielli:Membranes Also Contain Proteins
    Robertson:All Membranes Share a Common Underlying Structure
    Further Research Revealed Major Shortcomings of the Davson-Danielli Model
    Singer and Nicolson:A Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins in a Fluid Lipid Bilayer
    Unwin and Henderson:Most Membrane Proteins Contain Transmembrane Segments
    Recent Findings Further Refine Our Understanding of Membrane Structure
    Membrane Lipids:The 'Fluid'Part of the Model
    Membranes Contain Several Major Classes of Lipids
    Thin-Layer Chromatography Is an Importangt Technique for Lipid Analysis
    Fatty Acids Are Essential to Membrane Structure and Function
    Membrane Asymmetry:Most Lipids Are Distributed Unequally Between the Two Monolayers
    The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid
    Membranes Function Properly Only in the Fluid State
    Most Organisms Can Regulate Membrane Fluidity
    Lipid Rafts Are Localized Regions of Membrane Lipids That Are Involved in Cell Signaling
    Membrane Proteins:The 'Mosaic'Part of the Model
    The Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins:Evidence from Freezi-Fracture Microscopy
    Membranes Contain Integral,Peripheral,and Lipid-Anchored Proteins
    Proteins Can Be Separated by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
    Determing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Membrane Proteins Is Becoming More Feasible
    Molecular Biology Has Contributed Greatly to Our Understanding of Membrane Proteins
    Membrane Proteins Have a Variety of Functions
    Membrane Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically Across the Lipid Bilayer
    Many Membrane Proteins Are Glycosylated
    Membrane Proteins Vary in Their Mobility
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 7A Experimental Techniques:Revolutionizing the Study of Membrane Proteins:The Impact of Molecular Biology
    8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier
    Cells and Transport Processes
    Solutes Cross Membranes by Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion,and Active Transport
    The Movement of a Solute Across a Membrane Is Determined by Its Concentration Gradient or Its Electrochemical Potential
    The Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Provides Examples of Transport Mechanisms
    Simple Diffusion:Unassisted Movement Down the Gradient
    Diffusion Always Moves Solutes Toward Equilibrium
    Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane
    Simple Diffusion Is Limited to Small,Nonpolar Molecules
    The Rate of Simple Diffusion Is Directly Proportional to the Concentration Gradient
    Facilitated Diffusion:Proteln-Mediated Movement Down the Gradient
    Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins Facgitate Diffusion by Different Mechanisms
    Carrier Proteins Alternate Between Two Conformational States
    Carrier Proteins Are Analogous to Enzymes in Their Specificity and Kinetics
    Carrier Proteins Transport Either One or Two Solutes
    The Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter and Anion Exchange Protein Are Examples of Carrier Proteins
    Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by Forming Hydrophilic Transmembrane Channels
    Active Transport:Protein-Mediated Movement Up the Gradient
    The Coupling of Active Transport to an Energy Source May Be Direct or Indirect
    Direct Active Transport Depends on Four Types of Transport ATPases
    Indirect Active Transport Is Driven by Ion Gradients
    Examples of Active Transport
    Direct Active Transport:The Na^+/K^+ Pump Maintains Electrochemical Ion Gradients
    Indirect Active Transport:Sodium Symport Drives the Uptake of Glucose
    The Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump Uses Light Energy to Transport Protons
    The Energetics of Transport
    For Uncharged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends Only on the Concentration Gradient
    For Charged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends on the Electrochemical Potential
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 8A Further Insights:Osmosis:The Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane
    Box 8B Human,Applications:Membrane Transport,Cystic Fibrosis,and the Prospects for Gene Therapy
    9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation
    Metabolic Pathways
    ATP:The Universal Energy Coupler
    ATP Contains Two Energy Rich Phosphoanhydride Bonds
    ATP Hydrolysis Is Highly Exergonic Because of Charge Repulsion and Resonance Stabilition
    ATP Is an Important Intermediate in Cellular Energy Metabolism
    Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism
    Biological Oxidations Usuagy Involve the Removal of Both Electrons and Protons and Are Highly Exergonic
    Coenzymes Such as NAD^+ Serse as Electron Acceptors in Biological Oxidations
    Most Chemotrophs Meet Their Energy Needs by Oxidizing Organic Food Molecules
    Glucose Is One of the Most Important Oxidizable Substrates in Energy Metabolism
    The Oxidation of Glucose Is Highly Exergonic
    Glucose Catabolism Yields Much More Energy in the Presence of Oxygen than in Its Absence
    Based on Their Need for Oxygen,Organisms Are Aerobic,Anaerobic,or Facultative
    Glycolysis and Fermentation:ATP Generation Without the Involvement of Oxygen
    Glyeolysis Generates ATP by Catabolizing Glucose to Pyruvate
    The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on Whether Oxygen Is Available
    In the Absence of Oxygen,Pyruvate Undergoes Fermentation to Regenerate NAD^+
    Fermentation Taps Only a Fraction of the Substrate's Free Energy but Conserves That Energy Efficiendy as ATP
    Alternative Substrates for Glycolysis
    Other Sugars and Glycerol Are Also Catabolized by the Glyeolytic Pathway
    Polysaccharides Are Cleaved to Form Sugar Phosphates That Also Enter the Glycolytic Pathway
    Ginconeogenesis
    The Regulation of Glycolysis and Ginconeogenesis
    Key Enzymes in the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Are Subject to Allosteric Regulalion
    Fructose-2,6-Bisphospbate Is an Important Regulator of Glyolysis and Gluconeogenesis
    Novel Roles for Glycolytic Enzymes
    Summary of Key Points
    Making ConneCtions
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 9A Further Insights:'What Happens to the Sugar?'
    10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration
    Cellular Respiration:Maximizing ATP Yieds
    Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy than Fermentation Does
    Respiration Includes Glycolysis,Pyruvate Oxidation,the TCA Cycle,Electron Transport,and ATP Synthesis
    The Mitochondrion:Where the Action Takes Place
    Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are Greatest
    Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather than Discrete Organelles?
    The Outer and Inner Membranes Define Two Separate Compartments and Three Regions
    Mitochondrial Functions Occur in or on Specific Membranes and Compartments
    In Bacteria,Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma Membrane and tile Cytoplasm
    The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle:Oxidation in the Round
    Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A by Oxidative Decar boxylation
    The TCA Cycle Begins with the Entry of Acetate as Acetyl CoA
    Two Oxidative Decarboxylations Then Form NADH and ReleaseCO_2
    Direct Generation of GTP(or ATP) Occurs at One Step in the TCA Cycle
    The Final Oxidative Reactions of the TCA Cyde Generate FADH_2 and NADH
    Summing Up:The Products of the TCA Cycle Are CO_2,ATP,NADH,and FADH_2
    Several TCA Cycle Enzymes Are Subject to Allosteric Regulation
    The TCA Cycle Mso Plays a Central Role in the Catabolism of Fats and Proteins
    The TeA Cycle Serves as a Source of Precursors tor Anabolic Pathways
    The Glyoxylate Cycle Converts Acetyl CoA to Carbohydrates
    Electron Transport:Electron Flow from Coenzymes to Oxygen
    The Electron Transport System Conveys Electrons from Reduced Coenzymes to Oxygen
    The Electron Transport System Consists of Five Kinds of Carriers
    The Electron Carriers Function in a Sequence Determined by Their Reductkm Potentials
    Most of the Carriers Are Organized into Four Large Respiratory CompIexes
    The Respiratory Complexes Move Freely Within the Inner Membrane
    The Electrochemical Proton Gradient:Key to Energy Coupling
    Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Are Coupled Events
    The Chemiosmotic Model:The 'Missing Link' Is a Proton Gradient
    Coenzyme Oxidation Pumps Enough Protons to Form 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH_2
    The Cbemiosmotie Model Is Affirmed by an Impressive Array of Evidence
    ATP Synthesis:Putting It All Together
    F_1 Particles Have ATP Synthase Activity
    The F_0F_1 Complex:Proton Translocation Through F_0 Drives ATP Synthesis by F_1
    ATP Synthesis by P0P1 Involves Physical Rotation of the Gamma Subunit
    The Chemiosmotic Model involves Dynamic Transmembrane Proton Traffic
    Aerobic Respiration:Summing It All Up
    The Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration Is 36-38 ATPs per Glucose
    Aerobic Respiration [s a Highly Efficient Process
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 10A Further InsightS:The Glyoxylate Cycle,Glyoxysomes,and Seed Germination
    11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesis
    An Overview of Photosynthesis
    The Energy Transduction Reactions Convert Solar Energy to Chemical Energy
    The Carbon Assimilation Reactions Fix Carbon by Reducing Carbon Dioxide
    The Chloroplast Is the Photosynthetic Organege in Eukaryotic Cells
    Chloroplasts Are Composed of Three Membrane Systems
    Photosynthetic Energy Transduction I:Light Harvesting
    Chlorophyll Is Life's Primary Link to Sunlight
    Accessory Pigments Further Expand Access to Solar Energy
    Light-Gathering Molecules Are Organized into Photosystems and Light-Harvesting Complexes
    Oxygenic Phototrophs Have Two Types of Photosystems
    Photosynthetic Energy Transduction ll:NADPH Synthesis
    Photosystem II Transfers Electrons from Water to a Plastoquinone
    The Cytochrome b_6/fComplex Transfers Electrons from a Plastoquinol to Plastocyanin
    Photosystem 1 Transfers Electrons from Plastocyanin to Ferredoxin
    Ferredoxin NADP^+ Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of NADP^+
    Photosynthetic Energy Transduetion III:ATP Synthesis
    The ATP Synthase Complex Couples Transport of Protons Across the Thylakoid Membrane to ATP Synthesis
    Cyclic Photophosphorylation Allows a Photosynthetic Cell to Balance NADPH and ATP Synthesis
    A Summary of the Complete Energy Transduction System
    Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation 1:The Calvin Cyde
    Carbon Dioxide Enters the Calvin Cycle by Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate
    3-Phosphoglycerate is Reduced to Form Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
    Regeneration of Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Allows Continuous Carbon Assimilation
    The Complete Calvin Cycle and Its Relation to Photosynthetic Energy Transduction
    Regulation of the Calvin Cycle
    The Calvin Cycle Is Highly Regulated to Ensure Maximum Efficiency
    Regulation of Rubisco Carbon Fixation by Rubisco Activase
    Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation II:Carbohydrate Synthesis
    Glucose-l-Phosphate fs Synthesized from Triose Phosphates
    The Biosynthesis of Sucrose Occurs in the Cytosol
    The Biosynthesis of Starch Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma
    Photosynthesis Also Produces Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds
    Rubisco's Oxygenase Activity Decreases Photosynthetic Efficiency
    The Glyzolate Pathway Returns Reduced Carbon from Phosphoglyzolate to the Calvin Cycle
    C4 Plants Minimize Photorespiration by Confining Rubisco to Cells Containing High Concentrations of CO_2
    CAM Plants Minimize Photorespiration and Water Loss by Opening Their Stomata Ouly at Night
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 11A Further insights:The Endosymbiont Theory and the Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts from Ancient Bacteria
    Box 11B Further InsightS:A Photosynthetic Reaction Center from a Purple Bacterium
    12 The Endomembrane Systemand Peroxisomes
    The Endoplasmic Reticulum
    The Two Basic Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum Differ in Structure and Function
    Rough ER Is Involved in the Biosynthesis and Processing of Proteins
    Smooth ER Is Involved in Drug Detoxification,Carbohydrate Metabolism,Calcium Storage,and Steroid Biosynthesis
    The ER Plays a Central Role in the Biosynthesis of Membranes
    The Golgi Complex
    The Golgi Complex Consists of a Series of Membrane-Bounde Cisternae
    Two Models Depict the Flow of Lipids and Proteins Through the Golgi Complex
    Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein Glycosylation
    Roles of the ER and Golgl Complex in Protein Trafficking
    ER-Specific Proteins Contain Retention and Retrieval Tags
    Golgi Complex Proteins May Be Sorted According to the Lengths of Their Membrane-Spanning Domains
    Targeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGNTargeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGN
    Secretory Pathways Transport Molecules to the Exterior of the Cell
    Exocytosis and Endocytosis:Transporting Material Across the Plasma Membrane
    Exocytosis Releases Intracellular Molecules to the Extracellular Medium
    Endocytosis Imports Extracellular Molecules by Forming Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane
    Coated Vesicles in Cellular Transport Processes
    Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Are Surrounded by Lattices Compose of Clathrin and Adaptor Protein
    The Assembly of Clathrin Coats Drives the Formation of Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane and TGN
    COPI-and COPll-Coated Vesicles Travel Between the ER and Golgi Complex Cisternae
    SNARE Proteins Mediate Fusion Between Vesicles and Target Membranes
    Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion
    Lysosomes Isolate Digestive Enzymes from the Rest of the Cell
    Lysosomes Develop from Endosomes
    LysosomalEnzymes Are Important for Several Different Digestive Processes
    Lysosomal Storage Diseases Are Usually Characterized by the Accumulation of Indigestible Material
    The Plant Vacuole:A Multifunctional Organelle
    Peroxisomes
    The Discovery of Peroxisomes Depended on Innovations in Equilibrium Density Centrifugation
    Most Peroxisomal Functions Are Linked to Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism
    Plant Cells Contain Types of Peroxisomes Not Found in Animal Cells
    Peroxisome Biogenesis Occurs by Division of Preexisting Peroxisomes
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 12A Experimental Techniques:Centrifugation:An Indispensable Tehnique of Cell Biology
    Box 12B Human Applications:Cholesterol,the LDL Receptor,and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
    13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neurons
    Neurons
    Neurons Ate Specially Adapted for the Transmission of Electrical Signals
    Understanding Membrane Potential
    The Resting Membrane Potential Depends on Differing Concentrations of ions Inside and Outside the Neuron
    The Nernst Equation Describes the Relationship Between Membrane Potential and Ion Concentration
    Steady State Concentrations of Common tons Affect Resting Membrane Potential
    The Goldman Equation Describes the Combined Effects of Ions on Membrane Potential
    Electrical Excitability
    Ion Channels Act Like Gates for the Movement of tons Through the Membrane
    Patch Clamping and Molecular Biological Techniques Allow the Activity of Single Ion Channels to Be Monitored
    Specific Domains of Voltage-Gated Channels Act as Sensors and Inactivators
    TheAction Potential
    Action Potentials Propagate Electrical Signals Along an Axon
    A,tion Potentials Involve Rapid Changes in the Membrane Potential of the Axon
    Action Potentials Result from the Rapid Movement of Ions Through Axonal Membrane Channels
    Action Potentials Are Propagated Along the Axon Without Loalng Strength
    The Myelin Sheath Acts Like an Electrical Insulator Surrounding the Axon
    Synaptic Transrnission
    Neurotransmitters Relay Signals Across Nerve Synapses
    Elevated Calcium Levels Stimulate Secretion of Neurotransmitters from Presynaptic Neurons
    Secretion of Neurotransmitters Requires the Docking and Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane
    Neurotransmgters Are Detected by Specific Receptors on Postsypaptic Neurons
    Neurotransmitters Must Be Inactivated Shortly After Their Release
    Integration and Processing of Nerve Signals
    Neurons Can Integrate Signals from Other Neurons Through Both Temporal and Spatial Summation
    Neurons Can Integrate Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals from Other Neurons
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 13A Human Applications:Poisoned Arrows.Snake Bites,and Nerve Gases
    14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II,Messengers and Receptors
    Chemical Signals and Cellular Receptors
    Different Types of Chemical Signals Can Be Received by Cells
    Receptor Binding Involves Specific Interactions Between Ligands and Their Receptors
    Receptor Binding Activates a Sequence of Signal Transduction Events Within the Cell
    G Protein-Linked Receptors
    Seven Membrane Spanning Receptors Act via G Proteins
    Cyclic AMP Is a Second Messenger Whose Production is Regulated by Some G Proteins
    Disruption of G Protein Signaling Causes Several Human Diseases
    Many G Proteins Use lnositol Trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengers
    The Release of Calcium Ions Is a Key Event in Many Signaling Processes
    Nitric Oxide Couples G Protein Linked Receptor Stimulation in Endothelial Cells to Relaxation of Smooth Muscle ells in Blood Vessels
    The βγ Subunits of G Proteins Can Also Transduce Signals
    Protein Kinase-Associated Receptors
    Growth Factors Often Bind Protein Kinase Associated Receptors
    Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Aggregate and Undergo Autophosphorylation
    Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Initiate a Signal Transduction Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinase
    Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate a Variety of Other Signaling Pathways
    Scaffolding Complexes Can Facilitate Cell Signaling
    Dominant Negative Mutant Receptors Are Important Tools for Studying Receptor Function
    Other Growth Factors Transduce Their Signals via Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
    Disruption of Growth Factor Signaling Can Lead to Cancer
    Growth Factor Receptor Pathways Share Common Themes
    Hormonal Signaling
    Hormones Can Be Classified by the Distance They Travel and by Their Chemical ProperBes
    Control of Glucose Metabolism Is a Good Example of Endocrine Regulation
    Insulin Affects Several Signaling Pathways to Regulate Resting Glucose Levels
    Cell Signals and Apoptosis
    Apoptosis Is Triggered by Death Signals or Withdrawal of Surival Factors
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 14A Experimental Techniques:Using Genetic Model Systems to Study Cell Signaling
    15 Cytoskeletal Systems
    Major Structural Elements of the Cytoskeleton
    Eukaryotes Have Three Basic Types of Cytoskeletal Elements
    Bacteria Have Cytoskeletal Systems That Are Structurally Similar to Those in Eukaryotes
    The Cytoskeleton Is Dypamicallg Assembled and Disassembled
    Microtubules
    Two Types of Microtubules Are Responsible for Many Functions in the Cell
    Tubufin Heterndimers Are the Protein Building Blocks of Microtubules
    Microtubules Can Form as Singlets,Doublets,or Triplets
    Microtubules Form by the Addition of Tubulin Dimers at Their Ends
    Addition of Tubulin Dimers Occurs More Quickly at the Flus Ends of Microtubules
    Dr ugs Can Affect the Assembly o f Microtubules
    GTP Hydrolysis Contributes to the Dynamic Instability of Microtubules
    Microtubifies Originate from Microtubule Organizing Centers Within the Cell
    MTOCs Organize and Polarize the Mierot ubules Within Cells
    Microtubule Stability Is Tightly Regulated in CelLs by a Variety of Microtubile-Binding Proteins
    Microfilaments
    Actin Is the Protein Building Block of Microfilaments
    Different Types of Actin Are Found in Cells
    G-Actin Monomers Polymerize into F Actin Microfilaments
    Specific Drugs Affect Polymerization of Microflaments
    Ceils Can Dynamically Assemble Actin into a Variety of Structures
    AcBn Binding Proteins Regulate the Polymerization,Length,and Organization of Microfilaments
    Cell Signagng Regulates Where and When Actin Based Structures Assemble
    Interediate Filaments
    Intermediate Filament Proteins Are Tissue Specific
    Intermediate Filaments Assemble from Fibrous Subunits
    Intermediate Filaments Confer Mechanical Strength on Tissues
    The Cytoskeleton Is a Mechanically Integrated Structure
    Summary of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 15A Human Applications:Infectious Microorganisms Can Move Within Ceils Using Actin 'Tails'
    16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility
    Motile Systems
    Intracellular Microtubule-Based Movement:Kinesin and Dynein
    MT Motor Proteins Move OrganeUes Along Microt ubules DuringAxonal Transport
    Motor Proteins Move Along Microtubules by Hydrolyzing ATP
    Kinesins Are a Large Family of Proteins with Varying Structures and Functions
    Dyneins Can Be Grouped into Two Major Classes:Axonemal and Cytoplasmic Dyneins
    Microtubule Motors Are Involved in Shaping the Endomembrane System and Vesicle Transport
    Microtubule-Based Motility:Cilia and Flagella
    Cilia and Flagella Are Common Motile Appendages of Eukaryotic Cegs
    Cilia and Flagella Consist of an Axoneme Connected to a Basal Body
    Microtubule Sliding Within the Axoneme Causes Cilia and Flagega to Bend
    Actin-Based Cell Movernent:The Myosins
    Myosins Are a Large Family of Actin Based Motors with Diverse Roles in Cell Motility
    Many Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments in Short Steps
    Filament-Based Movement in Muscle
    Skeletal Muscle Cells Contain Thin and Thick Filaments
    Sarcomeres Contain Ordered Arrays of Actin,Myosin,and Accessory Proteins
    The Sliding Filament Model Explains Muscle Contraction
    Cross Bridges Hold Filaments Together,and ATP Powers Their Movement
    The Regulation of Muscle Contraction Depends on Calcium
    The Coordinated Contraction of Cardiac Muscle Ceils Involves Electrical Coupling
    Smooth Muscle Is More Similar to Nonmuscle Cells than to Skeletal Muscle
    Actin-Based Motility in Nonmusde Cells
    Cell Migration via Lamegipodia Involves Cycles of Protrusion,Attachment,Translocation,and Detachment
    Chemotaxis Is a Directional Movement in Response to a Graded Chemical Stimulus
    Amoeboid Movement Involves Cycles of Gelation and Solation of the Aciln Cytoskeleton
    Aciln-Based Motors Move Components Within the Cytoplasm of Some Cells
    Summarty of Key Points
    Making Connections
    Problem Set
    Suggested Reading
    Box 16A Human Applications:Cytoskeletaf Motor Proteins and Human Disease
    17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structures
    Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion
    Transmemhrane Proteins Mediate Cell Cell Adhesion
    Carhohyd rate Groups Are Important in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion
    Cell-Cell Junctions
    Adhesive Junctions Link Adjoining Ceils to Each Other
    Tight Junctions Prevent the Movement of Molecules Across Cell Layers
    Gap Junctions Allow Direct Electrical and Chemical Communication Between Cells
    The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Ceils
    Collagens Are Responsible for the Strength of the Extracellular Matrix
    A Precursor Called Procoilagen Forms Many Types of Tissue-Specific Collagens
    Elastins Impart Elasticity and Flexibility to the Extraceilular Matrix
    Collagen and Elastin Fibers Are Embedded in a Matrix of Proteoglycans
    Free Hyaluronate Lubricates Joints and Facilitates Cell Migration
    Adhesive Glycoprateins Anchor Cegs to the Ext racellular Matrix
    Fibronectins Bind Cells to the BCM and Guide Cegular Movement
    Laminins Bind Cells to the Basal Lamina
    Integrins Are Ceil Surface Receptors That Bind ECM Constituents
    The Glycocalyx Is a Carbohydrate Rich Zone at the
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