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  生物技术与生物工...
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生物技术（生物工程）领域近年来飞速发展，由此引起了全社会的广泛关注。本书基于技术工具、生产实践及成功案例，向读者系统介绍学科的基本知识。
　　本书第二版主要内容包括：生物技术的时代及其生产力，基因及基因组概述，基因工程：DNA重组技术，蛋白质工程，微生物工程，农业生物技术，动物生物技术，DNA指纹图谱和法医鉴定，生物修复，水生生物技术，医学生物技术，生物技术的监督与管理，生物技术（生物工程）与伦理学。

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• Contents
  About the Authors
  Preface
  1The Biotechnology Century and Its Workforce 1
  1.1 What Is Biotechnology and What Does It Mean to You? 2
  A Brief History of Biotechnology 2
  Biotechnology: A Science of Many Disciplines 5
  Products of Modern Biotechnology 6
  Ethics and Biotechnology 8
  1.2 Types of Biotechnology 8
  Microbial Biotechnology 8
  Agricultural Biotechnology 8
  Animal Biotechnology 10
  Forensic Biotechnology 10
  Bioremediation 11
  Aquatic Biotechnology 12
  Medical Biotechnology 12
  Regulatory Biotechnology 13
  The Biotechnology “Big Picture” 13
  1.3 Biological Challenges of the 21st Century 14
  What Will the New Biotechnology Century Look Like? 14
  A Scenario in the Future: How Might We Benefit from the Human Genome Project? 14
  1.4 The Biotechnology Workforce 18
  The Business of Biotechnology 19
  Organization of a Biotechnology Company 19
  Jobs in Biotechnology 20
  Salaries in Biotechnology 23
  Hiring Trends in the Biotechnology Industry 24
  Questions & Activities 25
  References and Further Reading 25
  2An Introduction to Genes and Genomes 26
  2.1 A Review of Cell Structure 27
  Prokaryotic Cells 27
  Eukaryotic Cells 28
  2.2 The Molecule of Life 30
  Evidence That DNA Is the Inherited Genetic Material 30
  DNA Structure 32
  What Is a Gene? 33
  2.3 Chromosome Structure, DNA Replication, and Genomes 33
  Chromosome Structure 34
  DNA Replication 37
  What Is a Genome? 38
  2.4 RNA and Protein Synthesis 39
  Copying the Code: Transcription 40
  Translating the Code: Protein Synthesis 43
  Basics of Gene Expression Control 46
  2.5 Mutations: Causes and Consequences 51
  Types of Mutations 51
  Mutations Can Be Inherited or Acquired 53
  Mutations Are the Basis of Variation in Genomes and a Cause of Human Genetic Diseases 54
  Questions & Activities 55
  References and Further Reading 56
  3Recombinant DNA Technology and Genomics 57
  3.1 Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology and DNA Cloning 58
  Restriction Enzymes and Plasmid DNA Vectors 58
  Transformation of Bacterial Cells and Antibiotic Selection of Recombinant Bacteria 61
  Introduction to Human Gene Cloning 63
  3.2 What Makes a Good Vector? 65
  Practical Features of DNA Cloning Vectors 65
  Types of Vectors 66
  3.3 How Do You Identify and Clone a Gene of Interest? 68
  Creating DNA Libraries: Building a Collection of Cloned Genes 68
  Polymerase Chain Reaction 71
  3.4 What Can You Do with a Cloned Gene? Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 75
  Gel Electrophoresis and Mapping Gene Structure with Restriction Enzymes 75
  DNA Sequencing 78
  Chromosomal Location and Gene Copy Number 80
  Studying Gene Expression 81
  Northern Blot Analysis 82
  3.5 Genomics and Bioinformatics: Hot New Areas of Biotechnology 87
  Bioinformatics: Merging Molecular Biology with Computing Technology 87
  Examples of Bioinformatics in Action 87
  A Genome Cloning Effort of Epic Proportion: The Human Genome Project 89
  What Have We Learned from the Human Genome? 90
  The Human Genome Project Started an “Omics” Revolution 92
  Comparative Genomics 92
  Stone Age Genomics 93
  Questions & Activities 95
  References and Further Reading 95
  4Proteins as Products 97
  4.1 Introduction to Proteins as Biotech Products 98
  4.2 Proteins as Biotechnology Products 98
  Making a Biotech Drug 99
  Medical Applications 100
  Food Processing 100
  Textiles and Leather Goods 101
  Detergents 101
  Paper Manufacturing and Recycling 101
  Adhesives: Natural Glues 101
  Bioremediation: Treating Pollution with Proteins 102
  4.3 Protein Structures 102
  Structural Arrangement 102
  Protein Folding 103
  Glycosylation 104
  Protein Engineering 104
  4.4 Protein Production 106
  Protein Expression: The First Phase in Protein Processing 107
  4.5 Protein Purification Methods 109
  Preparing the Extract for Purification 109
  Stabilizing the Proteins in Solution 109
  Separating the Components in the Extract 110
  4.6 Verification 114
  4.7 Preserving Proteins 115
  4.8 Scale-up of Protein Purification 116
  4.9 Postpurification Analysis Methods 116
  Protein Sequencing 116
  X-ray Crystallography 116
  4.10 Proteomics 117
  Questions & Activities 118
  References and Further Reading 118
  5Microbial Biotechnology 119
  5.1 The Structure of Microbes 120
  Yeast Are Important Microbes Too 121
  5.2 Microorganisms as Tools 122
  Microbial Enzymes 123
  Bacterial Transformation 123
  Electroporation 124
  Cloning and Expression Techniques 125
  5.3 Using Microbes for a Variety of Everyday Applications 127
  Food Products 127
  Therapeutic Proteins 131
  Using Microbes Against Other Microbes 131
  Field Applications of Recombinant Microorganisms 134
  5.4 Vaccines 135
  A Primer on Antibodies 136
  How Are Vaccines Made? 137
  Bacterial and Viral Targets for Vaccines 139
  5.5 Microbial Genomes 141
  Why Sequence Microbial Genomes? 141
  Microbial Genome Sequencing Strategies 142
  Selected Genomes Sequenced to Date 142
  Sorcerer II: Traversing the Globe to Sequence Microbial Genomes 143
  Viral Genomics 144
  Assembling Genomes to Produce Human-Made Viruses 145
  5.6 Microbial Diagnostics 145
  Bacterial Detection Strategies 145
  Tracking Disease-Causing
  Microorganisms 147
  Microarrays for Tracking Contagious Diseases 147
  5.7 Combating Bioterrorism 148
  Microbes as Bioweapons 149
  Targets of Bioterrorism 150
  Using Biotechnology Against Bioweapons 151
  Questions & Activities 153
  References and Further Reading 154
  6Plant Biotechnology 155
  6.1 Agriculture: The Next Revolution 156
  6.2 Methods Used in Plant Transgenesis 157
  Conventional Selective Breeding and Hybridization 157
  Cloning: Growing Plants from Single Cells 157
  Protoplast Fusion 157
  Leaf Fragment Technique 158
  Gene Guns 158
  Chloroplast Engineering 159
  Antisense Technology 159
  6.3 Practical Applications in the Field 161
  Vaccines for Plants 161
  Genetic Pesticides: A Safer Alternative? 162
  Safe Storage 163
  Herbicide Resistance 163
  Stronger Fibers 163
  Enhanced Nutrition 164
  The Future: From Pharmaceuticals to Fuel 164
  Metabolic Engineering 166
  6.4 Health and Environmental Concerns 167
  Concerns About Human Health 168
  Concerns About the Environment 168
  Regulations 169
  Questions & Activities 170
  References and Further Reading 170
  7Animal Biotechnology 171
  7.1 Introduction to Animal Biotechnology 172
  7.2 Animals in Research 172
  Animal Models 172
  Alternatives to Animal Models 174
  Regulation of Animal Research 175
  Veterinary Medicine as Clinical Trials 176
  Bioengineering Mosquitoes to Prevent Malaria 177
  7.3 Clones 177
  Creating Dolly: A Breakthrough in Cloning 177
  The Limits to Cloning 178
  The Future of Cloning 179
  7.4 Transgenic Animals 180
  Transgenic Techniques 180
  Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics 181
  Transgenic Animals as Bioreactors 183
  Knockouts: A Special Case of Transgenics 184
  7.5 Producing Human Antibodies in Animals 186
  Monoclonal Antibodies 186
  Eggs as Antibody Factories 188
  Questions & Activities 188
  References and Further Reading 189
  8DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Analysis 190
  8.1 Introduction to DNA Fingerprinting and Forensics 191
  8.2 What Is a DNA Fingerprint? 191
  How Is DNA Typing Performed? 191
  8.3 Preparing a DNA Fingerprint 192
  Specimen Collection 192
  Extracting DNA for Analysis 193
  Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis 193
  The Southern Blot Technique 193
  PCR and DNA Amplification 196
  Dot Blot (or Slot Blot) Analysis 196
  STR Analysis 196
  8.4 Putting DNA to Use 196
  The Narborough Village Murders 197
  The Forest Hills Rapist 197
  Terrorism and Natural Disasters Force Development of New Technologies 199
  8.5 DNA and the Rules of Evidence 200
  DNA Fingerprinting and the Simpson and Goldman Murders 201
  Human Error and Sources of Contamination 201
  DNA and Juries 202
  8.6 Familial Relationships and DNA Profiles 202
  Mitochondrial DNA Analysis 202
  Y-Chromosome Analysis 203
  8.7 Nonhuman DNA Analysis 204
  DNA Tagging to Fight Fraud 206
  Questions & Activities 206
  References and Further Reading 207
  9Bioremediation 208
  9.1 What Is Bioremediation? 209
  Why Is Bioremediation Important? 209
  9.2 Bioremediation Basics 210
  What Needs to Be Cleaned Up? 210
  Chemicals in the Environment 211
  Fundamentals of Cleanup Reactions 211
  The Players: Metabolizing Microbes 213
  Bioremediation Genomics Programs 215
  9.3 Cleanup Sites and Strategies 217
  Soil Cleanup 217
  Bioremediation of Water 218
  Turning Wastes into Energy 220
  9.4 Applying Genetically Engineered Strains to Clean Up the Environment 222
  Petroleum-Eating Bacteria 222
  Engineering E. coli to Clean Up Heavy Metals 223
  Biosensors 224
  Genetically Modified Plants and Phytoremediation 224
  9.5 Environmental Disasters: Case Studies in Bioremediation 225
  Jet Fuel and Hanahan, South Carolina 225
  The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 225
  Oil Fields of Kuwait 226
  9.6 Future Strategies and Challenges for Bioremediation 227
  Recovering Valuable Metals 228
  Bioremediation of Radioactive Wastes 229
  Questions & Activities 230
  References and Further Reading 230
  10Aquatic Biotechnology 231
  10.1 Introduction to Aquatic Biotechnology 232
  10.2 Aquaculture: Increasing the World’s Food Supply Through Biotechnology 232
  The Economics of Aquaculture 232
  Fish Farming Practices 235
  Improving Strains for Aquaculture 238
  Enhancing Seafood Quality and Safety 239
  Barriers and Limitations to Aquaculture 239
  The Future of Aquaculture 242
  10.3 Molecular Genetics of Aquatic Organisms 242
  Discovery and Cloning of Novel Genes 242
  Genetic Manipulations of Finfish and Shellfish 247
  10.4 Medical Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology 251
  Drugs and Medicines from the Sea 251
  Monitoring Health and Human Disease 254
  10.5 Nonmedical Products 254
  A Potpourri of Products 254
  Biomass and Bioprocessing 255
  10.6 Environmental Applications of Aquatic Biotechnology 256
  Antifouling Agents 256
  Biosensors 257
  Environmental Remediation 257
  Questions & Activities 259
  References and Further Reading 259
  11Medical Biotechnology 260
  11.1 The Power of Molecular Biology: Detecting and Diagnosing Human Disease Conditions 261
  Models of Human Disease 261
  Biomarkers for Disease Detection 263
  Detecting Genetic Diseases 263
  11.2 Medical Products and Applications of Biotechnology 268
  The Search for New Medicines and Drugs 269
  Artificial Blood 273
  Vaccines and Therapeutic Antibodies 273
  11.3 Gene Therapy 275
  How Is It Done? 275
  Curing Genetic Diseases: Targets for Gene Therapy 279
  Challenges Facing Gene Therapy 281
  11.4 The Potential of Regenerative Medicine 282
  Cell and Tissue Transplantation 282
  Tissue Engineering 285
  Stem Cell Technologies 287
  Cloning 293
  Embryonic Stem Cell and Therapeutic Cloning Regulations in the United States 297
  11.5 The Human Genome Project Has Revealed Disease Genes on All Human Chromosomes 298
  Piecing Together the Human Genome Puzzle 298
  Questions & Activities 303
  References and Further Reading 303
  12Biotechnology Regulations 305
  12.1 The Regulatory Framework 306
  12.2 U.S. Department of Agriculture 308
  Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 308
  Permitting Process 308
  The APHIS Investigative Process 308
  The Notification Process 309
  12.3 The Environmental Protection Agency 309
  Experimental Use Permits 309
  The First Experimental Use Permit 309
  Deregulation and Commercialization 310
  12.4 Food and Drug Administration 311
  Food and Food Additives 311
  The Drug Approval Process 311
  Good Laboratory (GLP), Clinical (GCP), and Manufacturing (GMP) Practices 312
  Phase Testing of Drugs 312
  Faster Drug Approval versus Public Safety 313
  12.5 Legislation and Regulation: The Ongoing Role of Government 314
  Labeling Biotechnology Products 316
  The Fluvirin Failure 316
  12.6 Introduction to Patents 317
  The Value of Patents in the Biotechnology Industry 318
  Patenting DNA Sequences 319
  12.7 Biotechnology Products in the Global Marketplace 321
  Questions & Activities 322
  References and Further Reading 323
  13Ethics and Biotechnology 324
  13.1 What Is Ethics? 325
  Approaches to Ethical Decision Making 325
  Ethical Exercise Warm-Up 326
  13.2 Biotechnology and Nature 327
  Cells and Products 328
  GM Crops: Are You What You Eat? 328
  Animal Husbandry or Animal Tinkering? 331
  The Human Question 332
  What Does It Mean to Be Human? 333
  Spare Embryos for Research Versus Creating Embryos for Research 335
  Cloning 336
  Patient Rights and Biological Materials 337
  Regulations in Flux 338
  Your Genes, Your Self 338
  More or Less Human? 339
  13.3 Economics, the Role of Science, and Communication 340
  Questions & Activities 342
  References and Further Reading 343
  Appendix 1 Answers to Questions & Activities A-1
  Appendix 2 The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins A-9
  Credits C-1
  Glossary G-1
  Index I-1