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• CONTENTS
  Chapter 1 Introduction 1
  1.1 WHY STUDY PHYSICS? 1
  1.2 TALKING PHYSICS 1
  1.3 PHYSICS FOR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2
  1.3.1 Physics in Life Science 2
  1.3.2 Biomedical Applications 3
  1.4 THE USE OF MATHEMATICS 3
  1.4.1 Mathematics Base 3
  1.4.2 Ratios and Proportions 3
  1.4.3 Approximation 4
  1.5 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 6
  1.5.1 Rules for Identifying Significant Figures 6
  1.5.2 Significant Figures in Calculations 7
  1.6 UNITS 8
  1.7 DIMENSIONALANALYSIS 10
  1.8 PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUES 12
  Chapter 2 Mechanics 16
  2.1 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION 16
  2.1.1 Angular Displacement and Angular Velocity 16
  2.1.2 Radian Measure 17
  2.1.3 Relation between Linear and Angular Speed 18
  2.1.4 Period and Frequency 18
  2.2 RADIAL ACCELERATION 19
  2.2.1 Direction of Radial Acceleration 19
  2.2.2 Magnitude of the Radial Acceleration 20
  2.3 TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION AND ANGULAR ACCELERATION 22
  2.3.1 Tangential Acceleration and Angular Acceleration 22
  2.3.2 Constant Angular Acceleration 22
  2.4 ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY AND ROTATIONAL INERTIA 23
  2.5 TORQUE 27
  2.5.1 Torque 27
  2.5.2 Lever Arms 30
  2.6 ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM 32
  2.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM 36
  2.7.1 Angular Momentum 36
  2.7.2 The Vector Nature of Angular Momentum 39
  Chapter 3 Fluids 45
  3.1 STATESOF MATTER 45
  3.2 FLUID FLOW 45
  3.2.1 Types of Fluid Flow 45
  3.2.2 The Ideal Fluid 46
  3.2.3 The Continuity Equation 46
  3.3 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION 48
  3.4 VISCOSITY 51
  3.4.1 Poiseuille's Law 53
  3.4.2 Application of Viscous Flow 53
  3.5 VISCOUS DRAG 54
  3.6 SURFACE TENSION 55
  3.6.1 Application: How Insects Can Walk on the Surface of a Pond 55
  3.6.2 Application: Surfactant in the Lungs 56
  3.6.3 Bubbles 56
  Chapter 4 Elasticity and Oscillations 60
  4.1 ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS OF SOLIDS AND HOOKE'S LAW 60
  4.2 SHEAR AND VOLUME DEFORMATIONS 62
  4.2.1 Shear Deformation 62
  4.2.2 Volume Deformation 64
  4.3 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 65
  4.4 THE PERIOD AND FREQUENCY FOR SHM 68
  4.4.1 Definitions of Period and Frequency 68
  4.4.2 AVertical Mass and Spring 70
  4.5 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SHM 72
  4.6 THE PENDULUM 73
  4.6.1 Simple Pendulum 73
  4.6.2 Physical Pendulum 74
  4.7 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS, FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE 76
  Chapter 5 Waves 82
  5.1 BASIC PROPERTIES OF WAVES 82
  5.1.1 Waves and Energy Transport 82
  5.1.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 83
  5.1.3 Periodic Waves 85
  5.2 MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF A WAVE 86
  5.2.1 Traveling Waves 86
  5.2.2 Harmonic Traveling Waves 86
  5.3 GRAPHING WAVES 88
  5.4 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION 89
  5.5 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION 90
  5.5.1 Reflection 90
  5.5.2 Change in Wavelength at a Boundary 91
  5.5.3 Refraction 91
  5.6 INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION 92
  5.6.1 Interference 92
  5.6.2 Coherence 93
  5.6.3 Diffraction 94
  5.7 STANDING WAVES 94
  Chapter 6 Sound 100
  6.1 SOUND WAVE 100
  6.1.1 Basic Properties of Sound Wave 100
  6.1.2 Frequency Ranges of Animal Hearing 101
  6.1.3 Attenuation of Sound Waves 101
  6.1.4 Amplitude and Intensity of Sound Waves 102
  6.2 THE HUMAN EAR 105
  6.2.1 Structure of human Ear 105
  6.2.2 Loudness 106
  6.2.3 Pitch 106
  6.2.4 Localization 106
  6.3 BEATS 106
  6.4 THE DOPPLER EFFECT 108
  6.4.1 Moving Source 109
  6.4.2 Moving Observer 109
  6.4.3 Shock Waves 110
  6.5 ECHOLOCATION AND MEDICAL IMAGING 111
  6.5.1 Animal Echolocation 111
  6.5.2 Sonar and Radar 112
  6.5.3 Medical Applications of Ultrasound 112
  Chapter 7 Electrostatic Fields 115
  7.1 ELECTRIC FIELDS 115
  7.1.1 Electric Charge 115
  7.1.2 Coulomb's Law 119
  7.1.3 The Electric Field 122
  7.2 MOTION OF A POINT CHARGE IN A UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD 130
  7.3 GAUSS'S LAW FOR ELECTRIC FIELDS 134
  7.3.1 Gauss's Law 134
  7.3.2 Using Gauss's Law to Find the Electric Field 136
  7.4 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY 138
  7.5 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 141
  7.5.1 Electric Potential 141
  7.5.2 The Relationship between Electric Field and Potential 147
  7.6 CAPACITORS 149
  7.7 DIELECTRICS 152
  7.7.1 Dielectrics 152
  7.7.2 Polarization in a Dielectric 153
  7.8 ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR 156
  7.8.1 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 156
  7.8.2 Energy Stored in an Electric Field 158
  Chapter 8 Electric Current and Circuit 163
  8.1 ELECTIC CURRENT 163
  8.1.1 Conventional Current 163
  8.1.2 Electric Current in Liquids and Gases 164
  8.1.3 Application: Current in Neon Signs and Fluorescent Lights 164
  8.2 EMF AND CIRCUITS 165
  8.2.1 Circuit Symbols 165
  8.2.2 EMF in an Electric Circuit 165
  8.2.3 Circuits 166
  8.3 MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF CURRENT IN A METAL: THE FREE-ELECTRON MODEL 167
  8.3.1 The Free-electron Model 167
  8.3.2 Relationship between Current and Drift Velocity 168
  8.4 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY 169
  8.4.1 Resistance and Ohm's Law 169
  8.4.2 Microscopic Origin of Ohm's Law 170
  8.4.3 Resistivity 170
  8.4.4 Resistivity of Water 171
  8.4.5 Resistivity Depends on Temperature 172
  8.4.6 Resistors 173
  8.4.7 Internal Resistance of a Battery 173
  8.5 KIRCHHOFF'S RULES 174
  8.6 SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 175
  8.6.1 Resistors in Series 175
  8.6.2 EMFs in Series 176
  8.6.3 Capacitors in Series 176
  8.6.4 Resistors in Parallel 177
  8.6.5 EMFs in Parallel 180
  8.6.6 Capacitors in Parallel 180
  8.7 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING KIRCHHOFF'S RULES 181
  8.8 RC CIRCUITS 183
  8.8.1 Charging RC Circuit 183
  8.8.2 Discharging RC Circuit 185
  8.8.3 Application of RC Circuits in Neurons 185
  Chapter 9 Magnetic Forces and Fields 190
  9.1 MAGNETIC FIELDS 190
  9.1.1 Permanent Magnets and Magnetic Dipoles 190
  9.1.2 Magnetic Field Lines 192
  9.1.3 The Earth's Magnetic Field 192
  9.1.4 Application: Magnetotactic Bacteria 193
  9.2 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A POINT CHARGE 193
  9.2.1 Cross Product of Two Vectors 194
  9.2.2 Direction of the Magnetic Force 195
  9.3 MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD 199
  9.3.1 Charged Particle Moving Perpendicularly to A Uniform Magnetic Field 199
  9.3.2 Motion of A Charged Particle in A Uniform Magnetic Field: General 203
  9.3.3 A Charged Particle in Crossed E and B Fields 204
  9.4 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT- CARRYING WIRE 208
  9.5 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP 210
  9.5.1 Torque on a Magnetic Dipole 211
  9.5.2 Application: Electric Motor 211
  9.5.3 Application: Galvanometer 212
  9.5.4 Application: Audio Speakers 213
  9.6 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC CURRENT 214
  9.6.1 Magnetic Field due to a Long Straight Wire 214
  9.6.2 Magnetic Field due to a Circular Current Loop 216
  9.6.3 Magnetic Field due to a Solenoid 217
  9.6.4 Application: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 218
  9.7 AMPèRE'S LAW 218
  9.8 MAGNETIC MATERIALS 219
  9.8.1 Paramagnetism 220
  9.8.2 Ferromagnetism 220
  9.8.3 Diamagnetism 221
  9.8.4 Application: Electromagnets 221
  9.8.5 Application: Magnetic Storage 221
  Chapter 10 Electromagnetic Induction 226
  10.1 MOTIONAL EMF 226
  10.2 FARADAY'S LAW, LENZ'S LAW, EDDY CURRENTS 229
  10.2.1 Faraday's Law 229
  10.2.2 Lenz's Law 233
  10.2.3 Eddy Currents 236
  10.3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS, INDUCTANCE 237
  10.3.1 Induced Electric Fields 237
  10.3.2 Inductance 238
  10.4 LR CIRCUITS 241
  10.5 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 244
  10.5.1 Accelerating Charges Produce Electromagnetic Waves 244
  10.5.2 Maxwell's Equations 245
  10.6 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 245
  10.6.1 Visible Light 246
  10.6.2 Infrared 246
  10.6.3 Ultraviolet 247
  10.6.4 Radio Waves 248
  10.6.5 Microwaves 248
  10.6.6 X-Rays and Gamma Rays 249
  Chapter 11 Geometric Optics 253
  11.1 THE FORMATION OF IMAGES THROUGH REFLECTION OR REFRACTION 253
  11.1.1 Real and Virtual Images 253
  11.1.2 Plane Mirrors 254
  11.2 SPHERICAL MIRRORS 254
  11.2.1 Convex Spherical Mirror 254
  11.2.2 Concave Spherical Mirror 256
  11.3 THIN LENSES 256
  11.3.1 Focal Points and Principal Rays 257
  11.3.2 The Magnification and Thin Lens Equations 258
  11.4 LENSES IN COMBINATION 260
  11.4.1 Ray Diagrams for Two Lenses 260
  11.4.2 Transverse Magnification 261
  11.5 THE EYE 263
  11.5.1 Accommodation 264
  11.5.2 Application: Correcting Myopia 264
  11.5.3 Application: Correcting Hyperopia 265
  11.6 COMPOUND MICROSCOPES AND ABERRATIONS OF LENSES AND MIRRORS 268
  11.6.1 Compound Microscope 268
  11.6.2 The Transmission Electron Microscope 269
  11.6.3 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors 270
  Chapter 12 Wave Properties of Light 275
  12.1 HUYGENS'S PRINCIPLE 275
  12.1.1 Sources of Light 275
  12.1.2 Wavefronts and Rays 275
  12.1.3 Huygens's Principle 276
  12.2 CONSTRUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE 277
  12.2.1 Coherent and Incoherent Sources 277
  12.2.2 Interference of Two Coherent Waves 278
  12.2.3 Phase Difference due to Different Paths 279
  12.3 THIN FILM 281
  12.3.1 Phase Shifts due to Reflection 282
  12.3.2 Problem-Solving Strategy for Thin Films 283
  12.3.3 Thin Films of Air 284
  12.4 YOUNG'S DOUBLE-SLIT EXPERIMENT 287
  12.5 GRATINGS 290
  12.6 DIFFRACTION AND RESOLUTION OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 293
  12.6.1 Diffraction by a Single Slit 293
  12.6.2 Diffraction and Resolution of Optical Instruments 296
  12.7 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 299
  12.8 POLARIZATION 300
  12.8.1 Linear Polarization 300
  12.8.2 Circular Polarization 302
  12.8.3 Polarizers 302
  12.8.4 Polarization by Scattering 304
  12.8.5 Polarization by Reflection 308
  Chapter 13 THE BASIS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS 313
  13.1 QUANTIZATION 313
  13.2 BLACKBODY RADIATION 314
  13.3 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 315
  13.3.1 Experimental Results 315
  13.3.2 The Photon 316
  13.3.3 The Electron-Volt 318
  13.3.4 The Photon Theory Explains the Photoelectric Effect 318
  13.3.5 Applications of the Photoelectric Effect 319
  13.4 X-RAY PRODUCTION 319
  13.5 COMPTON SCATTERING 321
  13.6 THE WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY AND MATTER WAVES 323
  13.6.1 Double-Slit Interference Experiment 323
  13.6.2 Matter Waves 324
  13.6.3 Matter Waves and Probability 327
  13.7 ELECTRON MICROSCOPES 327
  13.8 THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 329
  13.8.1 Position-momentum uncertainty principle 329
  13.8.2 Energy-Time Uncertainty Principle 331
  Chapter 14 Nuclear Physics 335
  14.1 NUCLEAR STRUCTURE AND BINDING ENERGY 335
  14.1.1 Nuclear Structure 335
  14.1.2 Sizes of Nuclei 336
  14.1.3 Binding Energy 337
  14.1.4 Binding Energy and Mass Defect 338
  14.1.5 Nuclear Energy Levels 340
  14.2 RADIOACTIVITY 341
  14.2.1 Conservation Laws in Radioactive Decay 342
  14.2.2 Alpha Decay 343
  14.2.3 Beta Decay 344
  14.2.4 Gamma Decay 346
  14.2.5 Other Radioactive Decay Modes 347
  14.3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY RATES AND HALF-LIVES 347
  14.3.1 Radioactivity Decay Law 347
  14.3.2 Application: Radiocarbon Dating 349
  14.4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION 351
  14.4.1 Radiation Dose 351
  14.4.2 Penetration of Radiation 354
  14.4.3 Medical Applications of Radiation 354
  Appendix A English-Chinese Index 359
  Appendix B Table of Selected Nuclides 363
  Answers to Problems 366