目录 第1章 高原湖泊底栖动物研究概述1 1.1 底栖动物的概述 1 1.1.1 底栖动物的概念及分类 1 1.1.2 底栖动物在水生生态系统中的功能 5 1.2 湖泊底栖动物的分布及其影响因素 6 1.2.1 湖泊底栖动物的分布特征 6 1.2.2 环境因子对底栖动物分布的影响 7 1.3 区域过程对底栖动物分布的影响 10 1.3.1 种库假说 10 1.3.2 集合群落生态学 11 1.3.3 区域与局域过程的相对重要性 12 1.4 青藏高原隆起及其生态学效应13 1.4.1 青藏高原隆起概述 13 1.4.2 青藏高原隆起对水生生态系统的影响 13 1.5 高原湖泊底栖动物研究进展 16 1.5.1 高原湖泊的定义和研究现状 16 1.5.2 高原湖泊底栖动物分布与环境因子的关系 17 第2章 西藏湖泊环境特征与工作方法19 2.1 研究区域概况 19 2.1.1 地理环境 19 2.1.2 气候环境 20 2.1.3 水体理化环境 20 2.1.4 近期变化 22 2.2 工作方法 23 2.2.1 采样点设置 23 2.2.2 标本采集及处理 33 2.2.3 环境参数及其测定与收集 33 2.2.4 不同区域湖泊数据收集与分析 35 第3章 西藏湖泊底栖动物的群落结构40 3.1 不同湖泊底栖动物种类组成 40 3.2 不同湖泊底栖动物密度比较 52 3.3 不同湖泊底栖动物生物量比较 54 3.4 不同湖泊优势种比较 56 3.5 不同湖泊生物多样性比较 57 3.6 西藏湖泊底栖动物群落特征分析 57 第4章 西藏湖泊底栖动物区系特征59 4.1 西藏不同湖泊底栖动物的区系相似性 59 4.2 青藏高原与其他区域底栖动物的区系相似性 64 4.3 西藏湖泊底栖动物区系形成机制分析 80 第5章 西藏不同水生境底栖动物组成及其影响因素81 5.1 不同水生境环境特征比较 83 5.2 不同水生境底栖动物群落特征 84 5.2.1 底栖动物的种类组成与分布 84 5.2.2 底栖动物的密度和生物量比较 89 5.2.3 底栖动物的多样性比较 90 5.3 底栖动物关键影响因子分析 92 5.3.1 主要影响因子 92 5.3.2 区域与局域环境因子的相对重要性 95 第6章 西藏湖泊底栖动物对盐度胁迫的响应98 6.1 湖泊环境特征 100 6.2 物种组成及分布 101 6.3 群落结构对盐度的响应 105 6.3.1 物种丰富度 105 6.3.2 密度 106 6.3.3 生物量 108 6.4 群落功能对盐度的响应 110 6.4.1 功能摄食类群 110 6.4.2 扩散能力 111 6.4.3 发育方式 114 6.5 盐度对底栖动物的影响 114 6.5.1 盐度对物种组成和分布的影响 114 6.5.2 盐度对群落结构和功能的影响 116 6.6 底栖动物对盐度变化的响应模式 118 第7章 湖泊底栖动物沿海拔梯度的分布格局120 7.1 底栖动物沿海拔梯度的分布格局 121 7.1.1 物种组成和多样性沿海拔梯度的分布 121 7.1.2 环境参数沿海拔梯度的分布 130 7.1.3 群落变异的影响因素 131 7.1.4 海拔相关因子与非海拔相关因子对群落影响的相对贡献率 132 7.2 海拔对青藏高原及周边湖泊底栖动物多样性的作用机制 133 7.2.1 不同生物类群海拔梯度的多样性格局 133 7.2.2 海拔分布格局的影响因素 134 7.2.3 扩散能力对海拔分布格局的影响 135 第8章 结论与展望137 8.1 结论 137 8.2 展望 138 参考文献140 致谢154 Contents Chapter 1 Research review of zoobenthos in plateau lakes 1 1.1 Overview of zoobenthos 1 1.1.1 Concept and classification of zoobenthos 1 1.1.2 Functions of zoobenthos in aquatic ecosystems 5 1.2 Distribution and influence factors of zoobenthos in lakes 6 1.2.1 Distribution characteristics of zoobenthos in lakes 6 1.2.2 Effects of environmental factors on the distribution of zoobenthos 7 1.3 Effects of regional process on the distribution of zoobenthos 10 1.3.1 Species pool hypothesis 10 1.3.2 Metacommunity ecology 11 1.3.3 The relative importance of regional and local processes 12 1.4 Uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its ecological effects 13 1.4.1 Overview of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau 13 1.4.2 Effects of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on aquatic ecosystem 13 1.5 Research progress of zoobenthos in plateau lakes 16 1.5.1 The definition and research status of plateau lakes 16 1.5.2 Relationship between the distribution of zoobenthos and environmental factors in plateau lakes 17 Chapter 2 Environmental characteristics and working methods of Tibetanlakes 19 2.1 Overview of the study area 19 2.1.1 Geographical environment 19 2.1.2 Climatical environment 20 2.1.3 Water physical and chemical environment 20 2.1.4 Recent changes 22 2.2 Working methods 23 2.2.1 Setting of sampling sites 23 2.2.2 Specimen collection and processing 33 2.2.3 Measurement and collection of environmental parameters 33 2.2.4 Data collection and analysis of lakes around Xizang 35 Chapter 3 Community structure of zoobenthos in lakes of Xizang 40 3.1 Composition of zoobenthos in different lakes 40 3.2 Comparison of densities of zoobenthos in different lakes 52 3.3 Comparison of biomass of zoobenthos in different lakes 54 3.4 Comparison of dominant species in different lakes 56 3.5 Comparison of biodiversity in different lakes 57 3.6 Analysis of community characteristics of zoobenthos of lakes in Xizang 57 Chapter 4 The fauna characteristics of zoobenthos in Tibetan lakes 59 4.1 Similarities of the fauna characteristics of zoobenthos in different Tibetan lakes 59 4.2 Similarities of the fauna characteristics of zoobenthos between the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and other regions 64 4.3 Analysis on the formation mechanism of benthic fauna in Tibetan lakes 80 Chapter 5 Composition of zoobenthos and its influencing factors in different aquatic habitats of Xizang 81 5.1 Comparison of environmental characteristics in different aquatic habitats 83 5.2 Community characteristics of zoobenthos in different aquatic habitats 84 5.2.1 Species composition and distribution of zoobenthos 84 5.2.2 Comparison of density and biomass of zoobenthos 89 5.2.3 Comparison of zoobenthos diversity 90 5.3 Analysis of key influencing factors of zoobenthos 92 5.3.1 Key influencing factors 92 5.3.2 Relative importance of regional and local environmental factors 95 Chapter 6 Response of zoobenthos to salinity stress in lakes of Xizang 98 6.1 Environment characteristics of lakes 100 6.2 Species composition and distribution 101 6.3 Response of community structure to salinity 105 6.3.1 Species richness 105 6.3.2 Density 106 6.3.3 Biomass 108 6.4 Response of community function to salinity 110 6.4.1 Functional feeding groups 110 6.4.2 Dispersal ability 111 6.4.3 Developmental types 114 6.5 Effects of salinity on zoobenthos 114 6.5.1 Effects of salinity on species composition and distribution 114 6.5.2 Effects of salinity on community structure and function 116 6.6 Response patterns of zoobenthos to salinity changes 118 Chapter 7 Distribution pattern of zoobenthos along altitudinal gradients in lakes 120 7.1 Distribution pattern of zoobenthos along altitudinal gradients 121 7.1.1 Distribution of species composition and diversity along the altitude gradients 121 7.1.2 Distribution of environmental parameters along altitude gradient 130 7.1.3 Influencing factors of community variation 131 7.1.4 Relative contribution rate of altitude-related factors and non-altitude-related factors to community impact 132 7.2 Mechanism of altitude on the diversity of zoobenthos in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and surrounding lakes 133 7.2.1 The diversity pattern of altitude gradient of different biological groups 133 7.2.2 Influencing factors of altitude distribution pattern 134 7.2.3 Influence of dispersal ability on the distribution pattern of altitude 135 Chapter 8 Conclusion and prospect 137 8.1 Conclusion 137 8.2 Prospect 138 References 140 Acknowledgments 154
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