目录 作者 前言 第一部分：全球生态学，生物圈及其演化 引言 3 生物圈的非生物及生物多样性 4 人类圈及人类对生物圈的影响 7 宇宙生物学 13 生物地理群落，生物圈内生物地球化学结构的基本单位 16 生物圈，Vernadsky的概念 23 毁林 27 核战争对环境与生物圈的影响 34 海洋的进化 4l “捕食者-被捕食者”系统的进化 54 生物圈中真菌及其功能 60 “盖亚(Gaia)”假说 69 水圈 73 人类知识圈 80 土壤圈 83 生命现象：概况 88 生活史及结构 l90 第二部分：全球循环，平衡及流动 钙循环 ll7 碳循环 l23 能量平衡 l34 生物圈的能流 l47 生物圈的熵及熵流 l54 生物圈的信息及信息流 l62 铁循环 l65 生物圈的物质及物质流 l70 微生物循环 l83 氮循环 l90 氧循环 l97 磷循环 204 辐射平衡与太阳辐射光谱 214 放射性核素：其生物化学循环反对生物圈的影响 218 硫循环 227 水循环 234 有机污染物(xenobiotics)循环 239 第三部分：全球格局与过程 农业 25l 物质与金属生态学 260 大气圈内的甲烷 274 全球尺度监测、观察和遥感 277 洋流及其在生物圈的功能 298 降水格局 304 温度格局 3ll 作为全球过程的城市化 316 风化过程 322 第四部分：气候变化 气候变化1：短期动态 33l 气候变化2：长期动态 335 气候变化3：历史与现实状态 34l 生物圈与气候的共同进化 346 全球变化对气候的影响 356 第五部分：生态化学计量学 生态化学计量学：概论 365 生态系统格局与过程 380 进化与生化上的生态化学计量学 390 个体生理生态学 399 种群与群落相互作用 408 痕量元素 418 索引 429 （牟溥 译） CONTENTS Contents v List of Contributors vii Preface xi PART A: GLOBAL ECOLOGY,THE BIOSPHERE AND ITS EVOLUTION INTRODUCTION S E Jorgensen 3 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC DIVERSITY IN THE BIOSPHERE P J Geogievich 4 ANTHROPOSPHERIC AND ANTROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE BIOSPHERE S Pegov 7 ASTROBIOLOGY C P McKay 13 BIOGEOCOENOSIS AS AN ELEMENTARY UNIT OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL WORK IN THE BIOSPHERE J Puzachenko 16 BIOSPHERE. VERNADSKY’S CONCEPT Y M Svirezhev and A Svirejva-Hopkins 23 DEFORESTRATION A Shvidenko 27 ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOSPHERIC IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR WAR P Carl,Y Svirezhev and G Stenchikov 34 EVOLUTION OF OCEANS R Klige 41 EVOLUTION OF ‘PREY–PREDATOR’ S YSTEMS H Matsuda 54 FUNGI AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOSPHERE G M Gadd 60 GAIA HYPOTHESIS P J Boston 69 HYDROSPHERE Z W Kundzewicz 73 NOOSPHERE C Jager 80 PEDOSPHERE V O Targulian and R W Arnold 83 PHENOMENON OF LIFE: GENERAL ASPECTS S V Chernyshenko 88 STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF LIFE S V Chernyshenko 100 PART B: GLOBAL CYCLES,BALANCES AND FLOWS CALCIUM CYCLE C L De La Rocha,C J Hoff and J G Bryce 117 CARBON CYCLE V N Bashkin and I V Priputina 123 ENERGY BALANCE A Kleidon 134 ENERGY FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE Y M Svirezhev 147 ENTROPY AND ENTROPY FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE Y M Svirezhev 154 INFORMATION AND INFORMATION FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE P J Georgievich 162 IRON CYCLE K A Hunter and R Strzepek 165 MATTER AND MATTER FLOWS IN THE BIOSPHERE S V Chernyshenko 170 MICROBIAL CYCLES G A Zavarzin 183 NITROGEN CYCLE P E Widdison and T P Burt 190 OXYGEN CYCLE D J Wuebbles 197 PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Y Liu and J Chen 204 RADIATION BALANCE AND SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM I N Sokolik 214 RADIONUCLIDES: THEIR BIOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND THE IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE H N Lee 218 SULPHUR CYCLE P A Loka Bharathi 227 WATER CYCLE Z W Kundzewicz 234 XENOBIOTICS CYCLES V N Bashkin 239 PART C: GLOBAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES AGRICULTURE D Lyuri 251 MATERIAL AND METAL ECOLOGY M A Reuter and A van Schaik 260 METHANE IN THE ATMOSPHERE S A Pegov 274 MONITORING,OBSERVATIONS,AND REMOTE SENSING-GLOBAL DIMENSIONS S Unninayar and L Olsen 277 OCEAN CURRENTS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE BIOSPHERE A Ganopolski 298 PRECIPITATION PATTERN F W Gerstengarbe and P C Werner 304 TEMPERATURE PATTERNS I I Mokhov and A V Eliseev 311 URBANIZATION AS A GLOBAL PROCESS A Svirejeva-Hopkins 316 WEATHERING S Franck,C Bounama,and W von Bloh 322 PART D: CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE 1: SHORT-TERM DYNAMICS G Alexandrov 331 CLIMATE CHANGE 2: LONG-TERM DYNAMICS W von Bloh 335 CLIMATE CHANGE 3: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE I I Mokhov and A V Eliseev 341 COEVOLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE AND CLIMATE D W Schwartzman 346 GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS ON THE BIOSPHERE W Cramer 356 PART E: ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY: OVERVIEW R W Sterner and J J Elser 365 ECOSYSTEM PATTERNS AND PROCESSES S A Thomas and J Cebrian 380 EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS A D Kay and T Vrede 390 ORGANISAL ECOPHYSIOLOGY T Vrede and A D Kay 399 POPULATION AND COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS J P Grover 408 TRACE ELEMENTS A Quigg 418 Index 429
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