Contents Brief Introduction Preface Chapter 1 Classical and Relativity Spacetime 1 1.1 Classic Mechanics 1 1.1.1 Newtonian Mechanics 1 Newton’s Laws 1 Galileo Covariance 2 Absolute Space and Inertial Forces 3 1.1.2 Analytical Mechanics 3 Configuration Space 3 Principle of Least Action 4 Two Kinds of Background Space 6 1.1.3 Two Kinds of Physics Laws 7 1.1.4 Flat Background Spacetime and Curved Configuration Space 9 1.1.5 Does Curved Motion Originate from Space Warp? 10 1.1.6 General Covariance of Analytical Mechanics 15 1.2 Relativity 16 1.2.1 Lorentz Space 16 Lorentz Covariance 16 Lorentz Space is Configuration Space 17 Is Classical Spacetime Subverted? 17 1.2.2 Electromagnetic Field 19 1.2.3 If Charge Has Only One Sign 22 Chapter 2 Relativistic Gravity 24 2.1 Field Equation of Gravity in Curved Space 24 2.1.1 Mathematical Scheme 24 2.1.2 Principle of Equivalence and General Covariance 26 2.2 Local Spacetime and Configuration Space in Relativistic Gravity 31 2.2.1 Coordinates of Spacetime and Generalized Coordinates 31 2.2.2 Two Types of Expressions of Dynamics 34 2.2.3 How Riemann Understand Curved Space 36 2.3 Physics and Geometry 38 2.3.1 Two Kinds of Covariance 38 2.3.2 Conservation Law and Symmetry 43 2.4 Field Equation of Gravity in Flat Spacetime 46 2.4.1 Physics Scheme 46 2.4.2 If Repulsive Matter Exists 49 2.4.3 Linearized Einstein’s Field Equation 52 2.4.4 Gravitational Waves 53 Equation of Gravitation Waves in Flat Vacuum 53 Detect Gravitation Waves with Interferometer 54 Can Gravitation Waves be Generated and Transported in Curved Spacetime? 56 2.4.5 Two Field Equations of Gravity 57 2.5 Zhou-Peng’s View of Spacetime 60 2.5.1 Curved Spacetime and Background Spacetime of Motion 60 2.5.2 Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion 61 No Precession in Newtonian Theory 61 No Precession in Curved Spacetime Too 62 Precession only in Flat Spacetime 63 Precession Problem Cannot be Resolved by Curved Spacetime 64 2.5.3 Gravitational Waves in Flat Spacetime 66 Chapter 3 Relativistic Cosmology 68 3.1 Local and Non-Local Physics 68 3.1.1 Locality of Relativistic Gravity 68 3.1.2 Non-Local Universe 69 3.2 The Standard Model of Cosmology 72 Density of Mass-Energy 72 Cosmological Constant 72 R-W Metric 72 Perfect Fluid 73 Energy Equation 73 Dynamic Equation 73 Physics Basis of the Standard Model 74 3.3 Difficulties in Relativistic Cosmology 74 3.3.1 Energy Equation is Equivalent to Newton’s Cosmology 74 3.3.2 Two Friedman Equations Contradict Each Other 76 3.3.3 Is Gravity or Pressure Driving the Universe? 77 Gravity Driven 77 Pressure Driven 79 3.3.4 Violation of Energy Conservation 81 Cosmological Constant 81 Energy Equation 82 Dynamic Equation 84 3.3.5 The Cosmological Constant Cannot Accelerate the Expansion 85 3.3.6 The Principle of Equivalence Does Not Hold 86 Chapter 4 Homogeneous, Isotropic and Flat Universe 88 4.1 Absolute Motion and Absolute Spacetime 88 4.2 Difficulties in Newtonian Mechanics and Cosmology 91 4.2.1 Newman-Seeliger’s Paradox and Obers’ Paradox 92 Newman-Seeliger’s Paradox 92 Olbers’ Paradox 92 4.2.2 Singularities 93 Singular Point 93 Infinite Potential Energy 93 4.2.3 Inertial System 94 4.3 The Gravitationally Neutral Universe 95 4.3.1 Philosophers’ Opinions 95 4.3.2 Local and Non-Local Gravity 97 Chapter 5 Thermal Equilibrium Universe 99 5.1 Thermal and Non-Thermal Radiation 99 5.1.1 Non-Thermal Electromagnetic Radiation of Moving Charges 99 5.1.2 Thermal Electromagnetic Radiation of Condensates 99 5.1.3 Non-Thermal Gravitational Radiation of Moving Material Objects 100 5.1.4 Cosmic Thermal Gravitational Radiation 100 5.2 Local and Non-Local Thermal Radiations 101 5.2.1 Blackbody Spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 101 5.2.2 The Universe without Baryons and Photons 103 5.2.3 Thermalization of Gravitation 105 5.3 Gravitational Radiation of the Dark Universe 106 5.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium of the Universe 106 Local Thermal Radiation 106 Non-Local Thermal Radiation 107 Thermal Equilibrium and Time Synchronization 107 5.3.2 Condensed Universe 108 5.3.3 Photons and Gravitational Phonons 110 5.4 Energy Conversion in Expanding Universe 111 5.4.1 Substance and Radiation 111 5.4.2 Energy Conservation 113 5.4.3 Photon-Phonon Thermal Transmission 114 5.5 Puzzles in Thermomass Energy 116 5.5.1 Guo Zeng-Yuan’s Problem 116 5.5.2 Schr¨odinger’s Problem 117 Chapter 6 Cosmic Dynamics 119 6.1 Symmetry of the Cosmic Spacetime 119 6.1.1 Non-Lorentz Invariance of the Cosmic Spacetime 119 6.1.2 Galileo, Lorentz and “General Covariances” 120 6.1.3 Galileo Symmetry of Cosmic Spacetime 122 6.2 Dynamics of Neutral Vacuum 124 6.2.1 Physical Image of the Expanding Universe 124 Homogeneous and Isotropic System 124 Expanding Universe 125 Reduction and Emergence 125 6.2.2 Energy Equation and Dynamic Equation 128 Energy Equation 128 Dynamic Equation 131 6.2.3 Expansion without Phase Transition 131 6.2.4 Cosmic Phase Transition 133 Landau Theory 133 Onsager Reciprocal Relations 134 6.2.5 Expansion of Neutral Condensed Universe 135 6.2.6 Cosmic Critical Phenomena 138 6.3 Local and Non-Local Motions 140 6.3.1 Expansion of the Cosmic Vacuum 140 6.3.2 Particle Dynamics 141 Chapter 7 Origin of the Universe 143 7.1 Inflation 143 7.2 Formation of Element Particles and Interactions 146 7.2.1 The Cosmological Constant Problem 146 7.2.2 Dirac’s Large Numbers 147 7.3 Lack of CMB Quadrupole Anisotropy 150 Chapter 8 What Is the Universe Made of? 158 8.1 The Composition of Matter in the Universe 158 8.2 Cosmic Perturbations 159 8.3 Dark Matter 162 8.3.1 Are There Dark-Matter Particles? 162 8.3.2 Dark-Matter Halo Thermodynamics 163 8.3.3 Dark-Matter Halo Dynamics 163 Small-Scale Problems 163 “The Axis of Evil” 165 8.4 Dark Energy 168 8.4.1 Cosmic Voids 168 8.4.2 Hard Cores of Black Holes 169 Explosion Mechanism of Supernova 169 Motion Direction of Pulsar 170 Jets of Black Holes 170 Chapter 9 Fundamental Framework of Physics 175 9.1 Space and Time 175 9.1.1 Inertial Frame and Flat Spacetime 175 9.1.2 Inertial Force and Reaction 177 9.2 Laozi’s Cosmology 180 9.2.1 Thales and Laozi 180 Western Wisdom 180 Eastern Wisdom 180 9.2.2 One and Many 182 “All Things Contain Yin and Yang” 182 Big Bang and Phase Transition of Vacuum 183 “Three Produced All Things” 183 9.3 Three Physical Worlds 184 9.3.1 Cosmic, Macro and Micro Physics 184 Cosmic World 184 Macro World 186 Micro World 187 Three Symmetries 187 Chronology Protection Conjecture 188 9.3.2 Historical Status of General Relativity 189 9.4 Advances in Physics 191 9.4.1 Revolution of Physics? 191 9.4.2 Global and Local 192 9.4.3 Continuous and Discrete 192 9.4.4 Linearity and Nonlinearity 193 Einstein’s Judgment 193 Must Laws of Nature be Described in Curved Spacetime? 193 Must Nonlinear Phenomena be Described by Nonlinear Equations? 194 Two Kinds of Nonlinearity 195 9.4.5 Return to Physics 197 “Nonlinear Mathematical Scheme” 197 Mathematical Conditions and Experiences 197 Two Kinds of Physical Theories 199 Modern Version of Ptolemaic System 201 Uniform Spacetime 202 Can Laws of Physics be Unified? 204 9.5 Methodology and Worldview 207 9.5.1 Describing Phenomena and Revealing Laws 208 Phenomenological Theory 208 General Relativity and Painting 211 General Relativity and Machine Learning 215 Key Facts and Big Data 216 9.5.2 Unipolar World and Multiplex Universe 218 Navigation Space 218 “Gravity Hegemony” 219 9.5.3 “Harmony is Achieved through Interaction” 220 9.5.4 Foundation of Rationality and Harmony 222 Appendix 1 Linearized Gravitational Field Equation 226 Appendix 2 Track Stability in the Schwarzschild Field 229 References 232 Postscript Gauge Field and Curved Spacetime 244
京公网安备 11010102004214号