Preface List of contributors CHAPTER1 Mind and brain Bernard J.Baars 1.0 Introduction 2.0 AN INVITATION TO MIND-BRAIN SCIENCE 3.0 SOME STARTING POINTS 3.1 Distance：seven orders of magnitude 3.2 Time：ten orders of magnitude 3.3 The need to make inferences-going beyond the raw observations 3.4 The importance of convergent measures 3.5 Major landmarks of the brain 4.0 SOME HISTORY,AND ONGOING DEBATES 4.1 The mind and the brain 4.2 Biology shapes cognition and emotion 4.3 Cajal's neuron doctrine：the working assumDtion of brain science 4.4 Pierre-Paul Broca and the localization of speech production 4.5 The conscious and unconscious mind 5.0 THE RETURN OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE SCIENCES 5.1 How conscious and unconscious brain events are studied todav 5.2 Historv hasn't stopped 6.0 SUMMARY 7.0 END OF CHAPTER EXERCISES 7.1 Study questions 7.2 Drawing exercise CHAPTER2 A framework Bernard J.Baars 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 CLASSICAL WORKING MEMORY 2.1 The'inner senses' 2.2 Output functions 2.3 Only a fleeting moment... 2.4 Understanding Clive Wearing in the functional framework 2.5 The importance of immediate memory 3.0 LIMITED AND LARGE-CAPACITY FUNCTIONS 3.1 Dual task limits 3.2 Some Very large brain capacities 3.3 Why are there such narrow capacity limits? 3.4 Measuring working memory 4.0 THE INNER AND OUTER SENSES 4.1 The mind’s eye，ear and voice 4.2 The imagery sketchpad may use visual regions of cortex 4.3 Is inner speech like outer speech? 4.4 Is there only one working memory? 5.0 THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE 5.1 Executive effort and automaticity 5.2 Executive and spontaneous attention 6.0 ACTION 7.0 CONSOLIDATION OF SHORT-TERM EVENTS INTO LONG-TERM MEMORY 7.1 Is working memory just re-actiVated permanent memory? 8.0 SUMMARY 9.0 STUDY QUESTIONS AND DRAWING PRACTICE 9.1 Study questions 9.2 Drawing exercises CHAPTER3 Neurons and their connections Bernard J.Baars 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Real and ideahzed neurons 1.2 Excitation and inhibition 1.3 Neural computation 2.0 WORKING ASSUMPTIONS 2.1 Starting simple：receptors，pathwavs and circuits 3.0 ARRAYS AND MAPS 3.1 Maps flow into other maps 3.2 Neuronal arravs usuallv have two-way connections 3.3 Sensorv and motor svstems work together 3.4 Temporal codes：spiking patterns and brain rhythms 3.5 Choice-points in the flow of information 3.6 Top-down or expectation-driven processing 4.0 HOW NEURAL ARRAYS ADAPT AND LEARN 4.1 Hebbian leaming：'Neurons that fire together，wire together' 4.2 Neural Darwinism：survival of the fittest cells and synapses 4.3 Symbolic processing and neural nets 5.0 COORDINATING NEURAL NETS 5.1 Functional redundancy 6.0 SUMMARY 7.0 STUDY QUESTIONS AND DRAWING EXERCISES 7.1 Study questions 7.2 Drawing exercises CHAPTER4 The tools: Imaging the liveing brain Bernard J.Baars and Thomas RamsØy 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brain recording：more and less direct measurements 1.2 The time-space tradeoff 2.0 A RANGE OF USEFUL TOOLS-MEASURING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC SIGNALS 2.1 Single-unit recording 2.2 Animal and human studies cast light on each other 2.3 E1ectroencephalography(EEG) 2.4 Magnetoencephalography 2.5 Zapping the brain 3.0 fMRI AND PET: INDIRECT SIGNALS FOR NEURAL ACTIVITY 3.1 Pros and cons of PET and fMRI 3.2 Regions of interest 3.3 The resting brain is not silent 3.4 Empirically defining cognitive functions：the creative key 4.0 CONSCIOUS VERSUS UNCONSCIOUS BRAIN EVENTS 5.0 CORRELATION AND CAUSATION 5.1 Why we need multiple tests of brain function 5.2 Brain damage and causal inferences 6.0 SUMMARY 7.0 CHAPTER REVIEW 7.1 Drawing exercises and study questions CHAPTER5 The brain Bernard J.Baars 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The nervous svstem 1.2 The geography of the brain 2.0 GROWING A BRAIN FROM THE BOTTOM UP 2.1 Evolution and personal history are expressed in the brain 2.2 Building a brain from bottom to top 3.0 FROM'WHERE'TO'WHAT': THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF BRAIN REGIONS 3.1 The cerebral hemispheres：the left-right division 3.2 Output and input：the front-back division 3.3 The major lolbes：visible and hidden 3.4 The massive interconnectivity of the cortex and thalamus 3.5 The satellites of the subcortex 4.0 SUMMARY 5.0 CHAPTER REVIEW 5.1 Study questions 5.2 Drawing exercises CHAPTER6 Vision Frank Tong and Joel Pearson 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The mvstery of visual experience 1.2 The purpose of Vision：knowing what is where 1.3 Knowing what：perceiving features,groups and objects 1.4 Knowing where things are 2.0 FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM 2.1 The retina 2.2 Lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN) 2.3 Primary visual cortex(V1) 2.4 Extrastriate visual areas-outside of V1 2.5 Area MT 2.6 The ventral and dorsal pathways：knowing what and where 2.7 Areas involved in obiect recognition 2.8 Lateral occipital complex(LOC) 2.9 Fusiform face area (FFA) 2.10 Parahippocampal place area(PPA) 3.0 THEORIES OF VISUAL CONSCIOUSNESS: WHERE DOES IT HAPPEN? 3.1 Hierarchical md interactive theories of vision 4.0 BRAIN AREAS NECESSARY FOR VISUAL AWARENESS: LESION STUDIES 4.1 Consequences of damage to early visual areas 4.2 Extrastriate lesions-damage outside area Vl 4.3 Damage to ventral obiect areas 4.4 Damage to dorsal parietal areas 5.0 LINKING BRAIN ACTIVITY AND VISUAL EXPERIENCE 5.1 Multistable perception 5.2 Binocular rivalry：what you see is what you get activated 5.3 Visual detection：did you see it? 5.4 Constructive perception：more to vision than meets the eye... 5.5 Neural correlates of obiect recognition 6.0 MANIPULATIONS OF VISUAL AWARENESS 6.1 Transcranial magnetic stimulation 6.2 Unconscious perception 7.0 SUMMARY 8.0 STUDY QUESTIONS AND DRAWING EXERCISES CHAPTER7 Hearing and speech Nicole M.Gage 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 A model for sound processing 1.2 Sound and hearing basics 2.0 THE CENTRAL AUDITORY SYSTEM 2.1 Auditorv pathwavs 2.2 Auditorv cortex 3.0 FUNCTIONAL MAPPING OF ADITORY PROCESSING 3.1 Primary auditory cortex 3.2 The role of the planum temporale in sound decoding 3.3 Cortical auditory'what'and'where'systems 4.0 SPEECH PERCEPTION 4.1 Background and history 4.2 Early theories of speech perception 4.3 Functional mapping of speech-specific processes 4.4 The link between speech perception and production 4.5 Damage to speech perceptual systems 4.6 A working model for speech perception in the brain 5.0 MUSIC PERCEPTION 5.1 Stages of music processing 5.2 A separate system for music perception? 6.0 LEARNING AND PLASTICITY 6.1 Plasticity due to deDrivation 6.2 Plasticity due to learning 6.3 Plasticity due to expertise 7.0 AUDITORY AWARENESS AND IMAGERY 7.1 Auditory awareness during sleep and sedation 7.2 Auditory imagery 8.0 SUMMARY 9.0 CHAPTER REVIEW 9.1 Study questions 9.2 Drawing exercise 9.3 Exploring more CHAPTER8 Attention and consciousness Bernard J.Baars 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 A DISTINCTION BETWEEN ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 2.1 Cortical selection and integration 2.2 Selective attention：voluntary and automatic 3.0 EXPERIMENTS ON ATTENTION 3.1 Methods for studving selective attention 4.0 THE BRAIN BASIS OF ATTENTION 4.1 Attention as biased competition among neuron populations 4.2 Guiding the spotlight 4.3 Salience maps help guide attentional selection 4.4 Executive (voluntary) attention 4.5 Visual attention may have evolved from eve movement control 4.6 Maintaining attention against distraction 4.7 Attention and consciousness 5.0 THE BRAIN BASIS OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE 5.1 Conscious cognition 5.2 Unconscious comDarisons 5.3 Binding features into conscious obiects 5.4 Visual feature integration in the macaque 5.5 Conscious events recruit widespread brain activation 5.6 Fast cortical interactions may be needed for conscious events 6.0 A SUMMARY AND SOME HYPOTHESES 7.0 STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER9 Learning and memory Morris Moscovitch,Jason M.Chein,Deborah Talmi,and Melanie Cohn 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 A functional overview 1.2 Learning and memory in the functional framework 1.3 Implicit and explicit memory 2.0 AMNESIA 2.1 HM：the best-studied amnesia patient 2.2 A summary of amnesia 2.3 Spared functions in amnesia：implicit and procedural memory 2.4 Spared impncit learning 3.0 MEMORIES ARE MADE OF THIS 3.1 Electrically evoked autobiographical memories 3.2 Long-term potentiation and long-term depression:excitatory and inhibitory memory traces 3.3 Consolidation：from temporary to permanent storage 3.4 Rapid consolidation：synaptic mechanisms,gene transcription,and protein synthesis 3.5 Svstem cons01idation：interaction between the medial temporal lobes and neocortex 4.0 VARIETIES OF MEMORY 4.1 Episodic and semantic memory:'Remembering'versus 'knowing' 4.2 Episodic memories may turn into semantic memories over time 4.3 Episodic and semantic memory are often combined 5.0 MTL IN EXPLICIT LEARNING AND MEMORY 5.1 Divided attention interferes with learning 6.0 PREERONTAL CORTEX,CONSCIOUSNESS AND WORKING MEMORY 6.1 Working with memory：the frontal lobe works purposefully with memory 6.2 Prefrontal cortex in explicit(conscious)and implicit(unconscious)learning and memory 6.3 Different types of working memory 6.4 Prefrontal cortex-storage or process control? 6.5 Conbining prefrontal and MTL regions for working memory 7.0 RETRIEVAL AND METACOGNITION 7.1 False retrieval 7.2 Hemispheric lateranzation in retrieval 7.3 Theta rhvthms may coordinate memory retrieval 8.0 OTHER KINDS OF LEARNING 9.0 SUMMARY CHAPTER10 Thinking and problem-solving Bernard J.Baars 1.0 WORKING MEMORY 1.1 Working memory overlaps with attention,conscious events and episodic recall 2.0 EXPLICIT PROBLEM-SOLVING 2.1 Executive control in problem-solving 3.0 MENTAL WORKLOAD AND CORTICAL ACTIVITY 4.0 USING EXISTING KNOWLEDGE 4.1 Practice and training may change connectivities in the brain 4.2 Semantic memory 4.3 Abstract concepts,prototypes,and networks 4.4 Knowledge comes in networks 4.5 Conceptual deficits 4.6 Judgments of quantity and number 5.0 IMPLICIT THINKING 5.1 Feelings of knowing 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7.0 DRAWINGS AND STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER11 Language Bernard J.Baars 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE 2.1 Biological aspects 2.2 Language origins 2.3 Speech versus language 3.0 THE SOUNDS OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE 4.0 PLANNING AND PRODUCING SPEECH 5.0 EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF SPEAKING AND LISTENING 6.0 WORDS AND MEANINGS 6.1 A cultural treasury of words and ideas 6.2 Recognizing synonyms 6.3 Current evidence about words and their meanings is fragmentary 7.0 SYNTAX,NESTING,AND SEQUENCING 8.0 PROSODY AND MELODY 9.0 MEANINGFUL STATEMENTS 10.0 UNIFIED REPRESENTATIONS OF LANGUAGE 11.0 SUMMARY 12.0 PRACTICE DRAWINGS AND STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER12 Goals,executive control,and action Elkhonon Goldberg and Dmitri Bougakov 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY 3.0 FUNCTION OVERVIEW 4.0 CLOSER LOOK AT FRONTAL LOBES 4.1 Gross anatomy and connections 4.2 How prefrontal cortex is defined 5.0 A CLOSER LOOK AT FRONTAL LOBE FUNCTION 5.1 Traditional perspective on frontal lobe func-tion:motor functions,actions and plans 6.0 MEMORIES OF THE FUTURE 7.0 NOVELTY AND ROUTINE 8.0 AMBIGUITY AND ACTOR-CENTERED COGNITION 9.0 WORKING MEMORY AND WORKING WITH MEMORY 10.0 THEORY OF MIND AND INTELLIGENCE 11.0 FRONTAL LOBE PATHOLOGY,EXECUTIVE IMPAIRMENT,AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF FRONTAL LOBE DYSFUNCTION 11.1 The fragile frontal lobes 11.2 Frontal lobe syndromes 11.3 other clinical conditions associated with frontal lobe damage 12.0 EXECUTIVE CONTROL AND SOCIAL MATURITY 13.0 TOWARDS A UNIFIED THEORY OF EXECUTIVE CONTROL:A CONCLUSION 14.0 DRAWING EXERCISES AND STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER13 Emotion Katharine McGovern 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The triune brain 1.2 Basic emotions and the role of reflective consciousness 2.0 PANKSEPP'S EMOTIONAL BRAIN SYSTEMS 2.1 Feelings of emotion 3.0 THE FEAR SYSTEM 3.1 Conscious and unconscious fear processing：LeDoux’s high road and low road 3.2 Fear without awareness 3.3 Affective blindsight 3.4 Cognition-emotion interactions：FEAR 3.5 Implicit emotional learning and memory 3.6 Emotional modulation of explicit memory 3.7 Emotional influences on perception and attention 3.8 Emotion and social behavior 3.9 Emotion inhibition and regulation 4.0 THE SEEKING SYSTEM 4.1 Re-interpreting'reward'：from reward to reward prediction to reward prediction error 4.2 Reward is more than leaming 4.3 'Reward pathway'and drug use 4.4 Reward cues innuence attention 5.0 CONCLUSION 6.0 CHAPTER REVIEW 6.1 Study questions 6.2 Drawing exercises CHAPTER14 Social cognition：PerceiVing the mental states of others 1.0 OVERVIEW 1.1 Terms that are used to refer to social cognition 1.2 The importance of perspective:the first,second,and third person 1.3 Approaches to perceiving othersminds 2.0 AN ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL COGNITION 2.1 Intention 2.2 Eye detection 2.3 Shared attention 2.4 Higher-order theory of mind 3.0 MIRROR NEURONS AND INTENTION DETECTION 3.1 From action to intention 3.2 Finding posterior mirror neuron 3.3 Eye detection and gaze perception 3.4 Shared attention 3.5 Higher-order ToM abilities 3.6 Social cognition of others like and unhke us:I-It in the brain? 3.7 Face perception 3.8 Disordered social cognition in autism 4.0 SUMMARY 5.0 CHAPTER REVIEW 5.1 Study questions 5.2 Drawing exercises CHAPTER15 Development Nicole M.Gage and Mark H.Johnson 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 New techniques for investigating the developing brain 1.2 The mystery of the developing brain：old questions and new 2.0 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT:FROM BLASTOCYST TO BABY 2.1 Epigenesis 2.2 The anatomy of brain development 2.3 Neural migration 2.4 Nature and nurture revisited 2.5 Prenatal hearing experience:voice and music perception before birth 3.0 THE DEVELOPING BRAIN:A LIFE-TIME OF CHANGE 3.1 The rise and fall of postnatal brain development 3.2 Regional differences in brain development 4.0 DEVELOPING MIND AND BRAIN 4.1 The first year of life：an explosion of growth and development 4.2 Childhood and ad01escence:dvnamic and staged growth 5.0 EAPLY BRAIN DAMAGE AND DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY 6.0 CHAPTER SUMMARY 7.0 CHAPTER REVIEW 7.1 Study questions Appendix A Neural models:A route to cognitive brain theory PART1:TRADITIONAL NEURAL MODELS 1.0 WHY TWO PARTS? 2.0 WHAT IS A NEURAL MODEL? 3.0 THE NEURON 4.0 THE BASIC ARTIFICIAL NEURON (McCULLOCH AND PITTS,1943) 5.0 LEARNING IN A NEURON-SOME BASIC NOTIONS 6.0 OTHER TOPICS IN NEURON MODELING 6.1 Hebbian learning 6.2 Activation functions 7.0 MORE THAN ONE NEURON 7.1 The perceptron 7.2 Limitations of the perceptron 7.3 The multilayer perceptron 7.4 Cognition and perceptrons? 8.0 RECURSIVE OR DYNAMIC NETWORKS 8.1 A simple example of a recursive net 8.2 Hopfield nets and Boltzmann machines 8.3 Other recursive svstems 9.0 LOOKING BACK ON PART1 PART2:SEEING IS BELIEVING 10.0 WHAT IS TO BE SEEN? 11.0 THE NRM NEURON 11.1 The activation and output computation algorithm 11.2 An experiment with a single basic digital neuron 11.3 An experiment with a layer of basic digital neuron 12.0 THE NRM DYNAMIC NEURAL NET 12.1 The state as a label of the input 12.2 Tne state as an inner image(icon)of the input 12.3 The inner state as a repository of sensory memories 12.4 The state space of the memory network 13.0 A COMPLEX COGNITIVE SYSTEM IN NRM 13.1 What does the model currently tell us? 13.2 Response to input changes 13.3 Response to simulated voice input 13.4 Recall in the absence of stimulus 13.5 Summary of NRM work 13.6 Neural models of cognition:conclusion 14.0 SELF-TEST PUZZLES AND SOME SOLUTIONS 14.1 Exercises with NRM 14.2 Looking at a more complex system(visual awareness) 14.3 Beyond the call of duty:stacking and self Appendix B Methods for observing the living brain 1.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Correlating brain and mind 1.2 Recording brain activation 2.0 COUPLING BRAIN ACTIVITY TO BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM 2.1 The physiological basis of functional brain mapping using PET and fMRI 3.0 METHODS 3.1 Designing experiments 3.2 Electroencephalography(EEG) 3.3 Magnetoencephalography(MEG) 3.4 Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) 3.5 Positron emission tomography(PET) 3.6 Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) 3.7 MRI-a tool for the future 3.8 optical imaging 4.0 MULTIMODAL BRAIN IMAGING 4.1 Simultaneous imaging from different sources 4.2 Imaging genetics 5.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS
京公网安备 11010102004214号